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NapoleonNapoleon&&
Congress of Congress of ViennaVienna
1795-1821
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Napoleon: Fun Facts Short-5’3”… “napoleon
complex” Born in Corsica One of the greatest
military leaders in history Love affair with
Josephine Not sure how he died.
(May have been poisoned???)
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Young Napoleon
Sent to military school at age 9
At 16, finished & became lieutenant
When revolution breaks out, Napoleon joins new government
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Napoleon the Hero1795
Royalist rebels (favored the king) marched on National Convention
Napoleon defends the delegates in the government– Rebels run in panic &
confusion Becomes HERO!
– Cheered throughout Paris as savior of French Republic
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Early Military Successes1796-1797
•1796-Government appoints Napoleon to lead French army against Austria & Sardinia
•Wins huge victories in Italy•1797-leads expedition to Egypt to disrupt British trade w/ India
•Not successful, Navy defeated•Keeps stories of failures out of media•Still considered a great hero
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COUP D’ETAT1799
French government is weak Napoleon’s friends encourage him to take power
– His troops surround National Convention & drive out most lawmakers
– Create a group of 3 Consuls (leaders), Napoleon is one COUP D’ETAT=sudden seizure of power Britain, Austria, & Russia join forces to drive Napoleon
out of power– Napoleon leads the troops– Sign peace treaty w/ France
• 1st time for peace in 10 yrs
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Taking Power & New Changes At first, he pretends to be chosen leader of free republic
– Plebiscite-vote of the people– Give all power to Napoleon (want strong leader)
Changes– Fix economy (efficient tax system)– End corruption in gov’t– Set up public schools– Establishes new relationship w/ church
Napoleonic Code– + Law code & eliminated many injustices– - BUT focused on authority, not rights
• More power for Napoleon• (no freedom on speech or press, reinstates slavery in
colonies)
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Louisiana Purchase1803
Sold Louisiana Territory to President Jefferson for $15 million
– 2 reasons• Use $ to finance operations in Europe
• Punish Britain (US becomes powerful)
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NAPOLEON CROWNS HIMSELF
EMPEROR - 1804 Decides to make
himself Emperor of France
French people support him!
Takes crown from Pope & puts it on his own head– More powerful than
the church
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European Takeover Napoleon begins taking
over parts of Europe– Annexed Netherlands &
parts of Italy– Sets up puppet government
in Switzerland Britain is nervous so ask
Russia, Austria, & Sweden to join forces
Napoleon crushes them!– Russia, Austria, Prussia
forced to sign peace treaties
Napoleon builds the largest European empire since the Romans
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Battle of Trafalgar1805
Only major battle Napoleon lost off Spanish coast, brilliant British Naval
Commander Horatio Nelson destroys French navy– Guaranteed British navy would dominate over
the next 100 yrs– *Napoleon gave up his plans to invade Britain
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Continental System1806
Set up blockade-forcing ports to close– Tries to cut off all trade & communication
between Britain & Europe– Purpose to destroy British economy– Britain sets up its own blockade & had
stronger navy to make it happen• Rerouted ships sailing for Europe into British
ports, searched & taxed them
Continental System was unsuccessful & a mistake
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Peninsular War1808
To force Portugal to follow the Continental System, Napoleon sends an army though Spain.– Spanish people protest– Napoleon removes King of Spain from power & puts
his brother on throne– Spanish are outraged!!!– Stirs Nationalism: pride in and loyalty to your
country Spanish guerrilla attacks against French troops Britain sends troops to help Spanish 300,000 French troops lost
– Severely weakens French military & eventually the empire
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Invasion of Russia:1812 420,000 French soldiers march
into Russia Russian troops pull back SCORCHED EARTH POLICY:
burning everything to starve out enemy
Napoleon invades Moscow– Russians burn the city!
Napoleon stays in Moscow & retreats in winter (what!?!)– Russians mercilessly attack
French army on their way out– Die of hunger, fighting,
exhaustion, & cold– ONLY 10,000 MAKE IT OUT
ALIVE!– French army is nearly
destroyed
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Napoleon: "Of the fifty battles I have fought, the most terrible was that before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy victors, and the Russians can rightly call themselves invincible."
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More Attacks1813-1814
Britain, Russia, Sweden, & Prussia join forces to attack France
Napoleon raises new army– ill equipped & poorly trained
Battle of Leipzig– French army easily defeated
January 1814: armies marching on Paris– Napoleon wants to fight but generals refuse
April 1814: Napoleon surrenders & gives up throne– Exiled to island of Elba
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The Hundred Days:1815 Louis XVI’s brother
becomes King– quickly becomes
unpopular March 1815:
Napoleon escapes Elba & lands in France– Crows welcome him
back, thousands volunteer to join his army, become Emperor again
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Battle of Waterloo: 1815
Allies quickly gather forces to put down Napoleon– Battle of Waterloo: Britain & Prussia defeat
Napoleon– Napoleon’s last fight (“met his waterloo”)
Napoleon is exiled to St. Helena (Atlantic)– 1821 dies of stomach ailment (cancer?
poisoned?)
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CONGRESS OF VIENNARepresentatives & Goals
1814-1815-representatives from Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain, & France meet – Most powerful: Prince KLEMENS
VON METTERNICH from Austria
Series of meetings for 8 monthsGoal: TO CREATE A BALANCE
OF POWER IN EUROPE
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Actions Taken
New Countries Created– Netherlands is created
• Austrian Netherlands + Dutch Republic– 39 German states unite to create Germany– Switzerland is independent country– Countries surrounding France are strengthened
• To prevent future aggression by France Rulers overthrown by Napoleon are returned to
power Creates peace for 40 yrs
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Concert of Europe Monarchs throughout Europe are nervous
that French Rev ideas will spread to their countries
Primary Purpose of “concert of Europe”: TO PREVENT FUTURE REVOLUTIONS
Holy Alliance: Austria, Russia, & Prussia sign alliance to protect each other if revolution would happen
Too late: revolutionary ideas have spread– LATIN AMERICA!!!
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