Download - Napoleon Bonaparte
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Napoleon Bonaparte
And Romanticism
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“Power is my mistress.”
• State system is dead• Europe must be
organized under French hegemony
• Administrative reform and Napoleonic Code must spread throughout Europe
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Origins
• Father and mother nobility in Corsica
• Entered Brienne Military Academy at age 9 on scholarship
• Leadership skills obvious
• Considered an outsider
• 1784 enters Ecole Militaire in Paris at age 15
• Finished 2-year program in 1 year
• Becomes officer at age 16
• In favor of the Revolution
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Man of Destiny
• Rationalist and opportunist
• Romantic: studied Alexander the Great and Hannibal
• Devoted to his family• 1793, defeats Great
Britain at Toulon—Brigadier General
• French military expansion continues under Directory
• March 1795 Peace concluded with Prussia and Spain
• War continued with Great Britain and Austria—Directory needed Military
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Napoleon’s Rise
• 1795—drove out royalists and saved Revolution
• Meets Josephine• 1796, marries
Josephine• 1796—goes to Italy to
command troops there
• By November 1797, France has defeated all of her enemies except Great Britain
• Returns to Paris as a hero
• Decides to attack GB through Egypt
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Napoleon’s Army of the Orient
• Attempt to destroy Britain’s Trade with India
• 35,000 members• Napoleon’s army moved to Cairo: 15,000
march across desert; 10,000 shipped by barge upriver
• Army meets 6,000 mounted Mamelukes and local force of 54,000 and wins
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Egyptian Campaign
• 7/1798—Battle of the Pyramids: Napoleon victorious in Alexandria
• Became intellectual campaign
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Discoveries
• Rosetta Stone discovered
• Tombs explored• Treasures taken back
to France• Josephine unfaithful• Austria, Russia, GB
form new coalition: infidelities published
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GB defeats Napoleon on Water
• August 1,1798 French fleet destroyed in Aboukir Bay
• Army becomes marooned• Second coalition formed, including GB, Russia,
Turkey, Naples, Portugal, Austria• French become bogged down• Napoleon quits Egypt with a few men and guides:
sails back to Paris—His victories on land precede him; he is seen as a hero
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Coup of 18 Brumaire
• Directory weak: Abbe Sieyes convinces Napoleon to overthrow the Directory
• Napoleon addresses assembly: “Confidence from below, power from above”
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Napoleon as First Consul
• Assembly shouts down Napoleon
• He becomes angry• Saved by his brother
Lucien, who leads army into the Assembly Hall
• New constitution created: Constitution of Year VIII: three consuls to lead
• Republican theory: checks and balances
• Council of State
• Made Napoleon actual ruler
• Approved by plebiscite (3,011,077to 1,567)
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End of French Revolution?
New Constitution of Year VIII could be seen as end of FR
Most leading elements of Third Estate had achieved their goals by 1799
Hereditary privilege abolished
Peasants also satisfied—they had land, no feudal privileges
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Napoleon as First Consul
• Maintained order by his policies:
• Liberal Policies:• Employed people from
all political groups• Gains of peasants
confirmed• Amnesty to nobles
granted
• Improved education• Concordat of 1801
with Pope Pius VII• Catholics gain
freedom of worship• Catholicism is religion
of most Frenchmen• State named bishops
and paid priests
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1st Consul, continued
• Church gave up property
• Clergy swore loyalty to state
• Conservative Order– Murdered Bourbon
Duke d’Enghien in 1804
• Central government controlled Provinces
• Stopped free speech and press
• Crushed opposition: secret police developed
• Stopped free elections
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Civil Code 1804
• Middle class equality• Safeguarded property
rights• Abolished all
Privileges of birth• State officials chosen
by merit• Gave men control over
their wives
• Property distributed among all children
• Married women had to consult their husbands to dispose of property
• Labor unions forbidden: workers had fewer rights than employers
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Napoleon as Emperor
• Fear of Bourbon comeback
• 1802 plebiscite: Consul for life
• 1804: Napoleon becomes emperor of France
• New constitution by plebiscite approves
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Coronation
• Coronation at Notre Dame
• Pope comes to crown Napoleon
• At last moment, Napoleon takes crown from Pope and crowns himself
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Napoleon’s personal life
• Josephine crowned his empress
• By 1809 he wanted blood heirs—Josephine could not give him any
• Divorces her, marries Archduchess Marie Louise
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Military Methods and Conquests
• Military genius, especially in execution of warfare
• New theory• Flexible formations in
battle, not fixed ones• Divided into
moderately sized units
• Live off land• Light-speed
maneuvers to bring enemies into battle
• Great citizen army motivated to fight well
• 700,000 strong• Could risk 100,000
men at a time
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Methods and conquests
• Conscripted unprecedented number of soldiers
• Loyal to France and Napoleon
• Conquest of Europe:– 1801 Austria defeated
– 1802 Peace with GB
– Peace of Amiens a truce
– 1803 Third Coalition formed (Aus, Rus, Swed, GB)
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1805 Battle of Trafalgar
• Spain submits to Napoleon; join fleets to sail against England
• Meet Horatio Nelson at Trafalgar
• 21 October: Fr/SP fleets destroyed; GB loses no ships
• GB dominant at sea 100 years
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Austerlitz
• December 2, 1805• Defeats Austria and
Russia• Treaty of Pressburg
signed• Napoleon gains Italy
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1806 Battle of Jena
• Prussia defeated• Berlin Decrees signed
Nov 21, 1806• Prussia loses much
territory• Agrees to bar British
goods from import
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Treaty of Tilsit
• Alexander I meets Napoleon in 1807 on raft in Niemen River
• Russia agrees to Continental system
• French territorial gains confirmed
• Russia loses land
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Continental System and Grand Empire
• 1806 Holy Roman Empire dissolved
• Germany re-organized as Confederation of the Rhine
• New Kingdoms set up with Napoleon’s family/friends on thrones
• Spain, Italy, Holland, Sweden
• Napoleonic Code everywhere: end of feudalism and local town oligarchies
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System at work
• Attempts to destroy GB trade dominance
• Napoleon rejected idea of free trade
• Tariff policies favored France
• Foreign merchants engaged in smuggling
• GB trades with America and East
• Continental system hurts Continent
• Problems begin: Spanish revolt, 1808—against Joseph on throne
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Problems for Napoleon
• 1808 Peninsular War saps French strength
• Britain begins blockade
• 1810 Russia withdraws from Continental system
• 1812, march on Russia; 600,000 men
• Suffers defeat at hands of cold (coldest winter in 100 years)
• Russian scorched earth policy
• Retreat of Russians• Resistance by entire
Russian population
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Retreat from Moscow
• Supply train had been attacked
• Typhus rampant among troops
• Discipline broke down
• At Berezina, soldiers were attacked and panicked
• Bridge broke—20,000 died or captured
• 100,000 survived retreat
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4th Coalition
• Napoleon able to get army together quickly: 350,000 members in 6 months
• 1813, Russia, Prussia, Austria, GB form 4th coalition
• Prussian army modernized and reorganized
• Prussia: 270,000– Seen as German war of
Liberation:– Battle of Nations:– France defeated at
Leipzig in Germany– Allies take Paris in
March, 1814– Napoleon abdicates
and exiled to Elba
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Congress of Vienna
• Viscount Robert Castelreagh (GB)
• Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus)
• Charles Maurice de Talleyrand (Fr)
• Karl August von Hardenberg (Prus) (Frederick Willhelm)
• Alexander I (Rus)
• No power should dominate
• Balance of Power sets stage for Concert of Europe
• Policy to contain France
• Holland made stronger with addition of Aus Netherlands
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• Austria given N. Italy• Prussia given
Rhineland• Non-vindictive
boundary settlement w/France (1792)
• Restoration of Monarchies
• Concert of Europe:• Frequent meetings for
several years• No major general war
in Europe for 100 years
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100 Days
• Napoleon escapes from Elba 1815
• Promised liberal constitution and peace
• Allies declare Napoleon an outlaw
• 5th coalition formed• Battle of Waterloo
1815
• Defeated by Prussians and English: Duke of Wellington leads English/von Blucher leads Prussians
• Napoleon exiled to St. Helena
• Died from cancer 1821