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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(8th Ed)
Chapter 5
Sensation
AP Psychology
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Sensation
Sensation a process by which our sensory
receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy
Perception a process of organizing and
interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
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SensationBottom-Up Processing
analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
Top-Down Processing information processing guided by
higher-level mental processes as when we construct perceptions
drawing on our experience and expectations
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Sensation- Basic Principles
Psychophysics study of the relationship between
physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
Light- brightness Sound- volume Pressure- weight Taste- sweetness
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Sensation- ThresholdsAbsolute Threshold
minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus
usually defined as the stimulus needed for detection 50% of the time
Difference Threshold minimum difference between two
stimuli that a subject can detect 50% of the time
just noticeable difference (JND) increases with magnitude
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Sensation- ThresholdsSignal Detection Theory
predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
assumes that there is no single absolute threshold
detection depends partly on person’sexperienceexpectationsmotivationlevel of fatigue
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Sensation- Thresholds
When stimuli are detectable less than 50% of the time (below one’s absolute threshold) they are “subliminal”.
0
25
50
75
100
Low Absolutethreshold
Medium
Intensity of stimulus
Percentageof correctdetections
Subliminal stimuli
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Sensation- Thresholds
Weber’s Law- to perceive a difference between two stimuli, they must differ by a constant proportion light intensity- 8% weight- 2% tone frequency- 0.3%
Sensory adaptation- diminished sensitivity with constant stimulation
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Vision- Stabilized Images on the Retina
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Vision
Transduction- conversion of one form of energy to another
Wavelength- the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next
Hue- dimension of color determined by wavelength of light
Intensity- amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude brightness loudness
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Vision- Spectrum of Electromagnetic Energy
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Vision- Physical Properties of Waves
Short wavelength=high frequency(bluish colors, high-pitched sounds)
Long wavelength=low frequency(reddish colors, low-pitched sounds)
Great amplitude(bright colors, loud sounds)
Small amplitude(dull colors, soft sounds)
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VisionPupil- adjustable opening in the
center of the eye Iris- a ring of muscle the forms the
colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Lens- transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina
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Vision
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VisionAccommodation
change in shape of lens focus near objects
Retina inner surface of eye light sensitive contains rods and cones layers of neurons beginning of visual information
processing
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Vision
Acuity- the sharpness of visionNearsightedness
nearby objects seen more clearly lens focuses image of distant objects in
front of retinaFarsightedness
faraway objects seen more clearly lens focuses near objects behind retina
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Vision
Normal Nearsighted Farsighted Vision Vision Vision
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Retina’s Reaction to Light- Receptors
Cones near center of retina
(fovea) fine detail and color vision daylight or well-lit
conditions Rods
peripheral retina detect black, white and
gray twilight or low light
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Retina’s Reaction to Light
Optic nerve- nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Blind Spot- point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no receptor cells located there
Fovea- central point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster
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Vision- Receptors
Receptors in the Human Eye
Cones Rods
Number
Location in retina
Sensitivity in dim light
Color sensitive? Yes
Low
Center
6 million
No
High
Periphery
120 million
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Pathways from the Eyes to the Visual Cortex
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Visual Information Processing
Feature Detectors neurons in the
visual cortex respond to specific features
shape angle movement
Stimulus
Cell’s responses
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How the Brain Perceives
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Illusory Contours
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Visual Information Processing
Parallel Processing simultaneous processing of
several dimensions through multiple pathways
color motion form depth
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Visual Information Processing
Scene
Retinal processing:Receptor rods andconesbipolar cells
ganglion cells
Feature detection:Brain’s detector cells
respond to elementaryfeatures-bars, edges, or
gradients of light
Abstraction:Brain’s higher-level cells
respond to combinedinformation from
feature-detector cells
Recognition:Brain matches the
constructed image withstored images
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Visual Information Processing
Trichromatic (three color) Theory Young and Helmholtz three different retinal color receptors
redgreenblue
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Color-Deficient Vision
People who suffer red-green blindness have trouble perceiving the number within the design
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Visual Information Processing
Opponent-Process Theory- opposing retinal processes enable color vision
“ON” “OFF”red greengreen red blue yellow yellow blue black whitewhite black
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Opponent Process- Afterimage Effect
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Audition
Auditionthe sense of hearing
Frequencythe number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
Pitcha tone’s highness or lownessdepends on frequency
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The Intensity of Some Common Sounds
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Audition- The Ear
Outer EarAuditory CanalEardrum
Middle Earhammeranvilstirrup
Inner Earoval windowcochleabasilar membranehair cells
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Audition
Place Theorythe theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
Frequency Theorythe theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
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How We Locate Sounds
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Audition
Conduction Hearing Losshearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
Nerve Hearing Losshearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve
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Audition Older people tend to hear low
frequencies well but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies
1time
10times
100times
1000times
32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384
Frequency of tone in waves per second
Low Pitch High
Amplitude required forperception relative to 20-29 year-old group
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Touch
Skin Sensations pressure
only skin sensation with identifiable receptors
warmth cold pain
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PainGate-Control Theory
theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
“gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
“gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain
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TasteTaste Sensations- biological wisdom,
200 sweet sour salty bitter UMAMI
Sensory Interaction one sense may influence another as when the smell of food influences its
taste Synaesthesia- one sense triggers
another???
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Smell Illustration p. 231
Receptor cells inolfactory membrane
Nasal passage
Olfactorybulb
Olfactorynerve
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Smells evoke memories!
20,000 breaths a day, OLFACTIONJust like taste, smell is a chemical
sense.5 million receptor cells at the top of
each nostril. Babies recognize Mom’s scent!
We can detect smell but it is hard to describe them. Easier to explain sounds.
We have our own chemical smell signature except for identical twins…
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Age, Sex and Sense of Smell
Women
Men
10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99Age Group
4
3
2
0
Numberof correct
answers
Women and young adults have best sense of smell
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Body Position and Movement- the real 6th Sense
Kinesthesis- 200 muscles for 1 step! the system for sensing the position and
movement of individual body partsVestibular Sense
the sense of body movement and position- biological gyroscope.
including the sense of balance- inner ear, semicircular canals- vestibular sacs, cochlea, cerebellum- helps you maintain balance.