Download - MW Geisenheim 0905
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ALTERNATIVE CLOSURESALTERNATIVE CLOSURES
-- A A TechnicalTechnical LookLook
Dr. Rainer JungGeisenheim Research InstituteDep. of Enology
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Worldwide 16 - 18 Billions Closures / year
Actually roughly:• 9 - 11 Billions Natural Cork• 5 - 7 Billions Technical Cork• 1,2 - 1,5 Billions Plastic stoppers• 1,2 - 1,5 Billions Screw caps
Natural Cork ca. 58 %
Technical Cork ca. 30 %
Plastic stoppers ca. 6 %
Screw caps ca. 6 %
QuelleQuelle: : GiovanettGiovanett , 2005, 2005
Bottle Closures for wine - diversity
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Cork – the natural product
CorkCork – the material with uniquephysical properties
CorkCork – the natural closure knownalso for problems in bottled wines
CorkCork – the traditionaland naturalclosure for wine
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Problems with cork stoppers:2 „Cork“ taint1 Leakage
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Natural Cork – Fakts
Corktaint – Percentage of wines with musty off-flavour
• 0,8 % Prüfstelle Rheinhessen/Alzey, 1994, 10941 wines• 0,2 – 2,9 % Prüfstelle Franken/Veitshöcheim, 1998-2000, 23559 wines• 0,7 % WSA-Study/England, 2001-2002, 13780 wines
0,7
0,9
0,6
1,1
0,3
0,7
0,2
%
Cork
Plastic
Others
mus
ty, mouldy
oxidat
ed
other off-flavours
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Cork - ProductsNatural cork stoppersSurface- and color-treated
„Technical“ corkstoppers, as an alternative
Quality ensurance
New treatments against taint problems
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Aluminium-Screw caps – the „traditionel“ alternative
• first only for simple wines,Image of mineral water
• diversity, relyability of the closures lead to a wide distribution
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Aluminium-Screw caps - Sealing
1 COMPOUND- PVC-Plastisol in Rotation - most material in the outer part
2 INSHELL MOULDING- liquid PE-Granuals, pressed into the form with a punch
3 SEALING DISCS- consist of different layers / materials- main structure: EPE (Expanded Polyethylen)- facing the wine with tin, Saran, Saranex
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Alternative stoppersDevelopment of plastic stoppers Different production techniques (injecting moulding, extrusion)
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TESTS WITH ALTERNATIVE CLOSURES AND CORK
2 Bottling and storage of wine(Bottling experiments, Tests after different storage-times and –conditions [temperature, bottle position] )
Several Testseries with alternative stoppers in Geisenheim since 1996
1 Mechanical Tests(Stucture, Specific weight, Elasticity)
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SPEZIFIC WEIGHT
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
[g/cm3]
Natural Cork
AgglomeratedCork
Plastic
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100 200 300 400 500 600
[N/cm3]
Natural Cork
AgglomeratedCork
Plastic
ABSOLUTELY
2300-2800 N
4300-4800 N
2500-9800 N
COMPRESSIONFORCES IN CORKER
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“Cellular structure“ and porosity of plastic-stoppersproduced by injection mouldinginjection moulding
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“Cellular structure“ and porosity of plastic-stoppers produced by extrusionextrusion
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BOTTLING TRIALS(Variants / closure system)
Bottling of all closure systems under controlled and identical conditions
Storage of each 50% of bottles at 25 –35 °C & 15 °C
„WARM“ „COLD“
Storage of each25% of bottles horizontal & vertical horizontal & vertical
Analytical and sensory testing of wines after 6 month („warm“), 12 month(„warm & cold“), 24 month („cold“)
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Problems with plasticstoppers
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INNER BOTTLE PRESSURE(directly after Insertion of stoppers)
0 1 2 3 4 5
[bar]
Natural Cork
AgglomeratedCork
Plastic
Bottling of 800 Flaschen / h, n =12
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INNER BOTTLE PRESSURE(TIME STUDY, Measurement by „manometric pipettes“)
Inner bottles pressure during storage time(Plastic stopper)
0,0000,5001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,500
direc
t
after
10 m
in.
after
30 m
in.
after
1 h
after
3 h
after
6 h
day 2
, morn
.
day2
, afte
rn.
day 3
, morn
.
day 3
, afte
rn. day 4
day 5
day 6
day 7
day 8
day 9
day 1
0
day 1
1
day 1
2
day 1
3
day 1
4
Time
[ba
r]
vertical storage, without CO2 horizontal storage, without CO2 vertical storage, with CO2 horizontal storage, with CO2
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HUMIDITY OF DIFFERENT CLOSURES(after 8, 12 und 18 month storage horizontally/warm [25-30°C])
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
8 month 12 month 18 month
[%vo
l.]
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Agglo big p.
Agglo fine p.
Twintop
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
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FREE SO2 LEVELS(after 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 month storage, “COLD“ [15°C])
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
3 6 12month
24 36
[mg/
L]
Cork vertical
Corkhorizontal
Plasticvertical
Plastichorizontal
Screw Capvertical
Screw Caphorizontal
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FREE SO2 LEVELS(after 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 month storage, “WARM“ [25 - 35°C])
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
3 6 12month
24 36
[mg/
L]
Cork vertical
Corkhorizontal
Plasticvertical
Plastichorizontal
Screw capvertical
Screw caphorizontal
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Glass closure – Alcoa Vino-Lok - Development
• Idea: Imitation of a glass stopper known from Medicine and Pharmacy
• Development since 2002 Alcoa / Worms
• Early tests in wineries
• Tests in Geisenheim since Juli 2003
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Glass closure – Alcoa Vino-Lok - Sealing
ALCOAALCOA--„VINO„VINO--LOK“LOK“(„Glass(?) on Glass“)
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Glass closure – Alcoa Vino-Lok - Testing program
• 5 Closures - Natural Cork- Screw cap- Synthetic stopper- Vino Lok Glass (VLG)- Vino Lok Plexiglass (VLP)
• 4 Storage variants - vertical / horizontal- cold (15°C) / warm (25-30°C)
• 4 – 5 Test Intervals - 3, 6, 12, 24, perhaps. 36 months
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Glass closure – Alcoa Vino-Lok - SO2
ContentContent of of free free SOSO22 in in the wines during storagethe wines during storage(after 3, 6,12 and 24 months storage, COLD [15 °C], Means of n= 10))
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Bottling 6 months 12 months 24 months
[mg/
L]
Cork vertical
CorkhorizontalPlasticverticalPlastichorizontalScrew capverticalScrew caphorizontalVLG vertical
VLGhorizontalVLP vertical
VLPhorizontal
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Glass closure – Alcoa Vino-Lok - SO2
ContentContent of of free free SOSO22 in in the wines during storagethe wines during storage(after 3, 6,12 and 24 months storage, WARM [25 – 30 °C], Means of n= 10))
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Bottling 3months
6months
12months
24months
[mg
/L]
Cork vertical
CorkhorizontalPlasticverticalPlastichorizontalScrew capverticalScrew caphorizontalVLG vertical
VLGhorizontalVLP vertical
VLPhorizontal
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Glass closure – Alcoa Vino-Lok - Sensory
SENSORY, after 12 month storage
• Tasting in Geisenheim with 105 panelists and Oppenheim with 16 panelists
• Four Rankings each with 5 variants:1. warm / vertical, Cork, Synthetic, Screw cap, Glass, Plexiglass2. warm / horizontal, Cork, Synthetic, Screw cap, Glass, Plexiglass3. kühl / vertical, Cork, Synthetic, Screw cap, Glass, Plexiglass4. kühl / horizontal, Cork, Synthetic, Screw cap, Glass, Plexiglass
• Randomized Samples, Calculation with FIZZ
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SENSORY Results, after 12 month storage
• significant difference in two out of four rankings
• samples with Natural corkNatural cork in both series with significance on PlacePlace 1 1 (but also some bottles with cork-taint!)
• samples with Synthetic stopperSynthetic stopper in both series with significance on last last placeplace
- at warm / horizontal storage (**) Synthetic stopper significantly worse than all other closures
- at cold / vertical storage (*) Synthetic stopper significantly worse than natural cork stopper and screw cap and as well as vino-lok-variants
Glass closure – Alcoa Vino-Lok - Sensory
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Glass closure – Alcoa Vino-Lok - Questions
• Tests concerning the sealing over a longer storage period are atthe moment not available
• Automized solutions for packaging, putting the closure on the bottle,closing of the bottle are under construction
• Glass as a „sensitive“ material has to be handled with care,the head-line „Glass in wine“ would be fatal
• Price ? (ca. 30 - 40 €Cent, für Glass closure & Alucap, without printingand bottle)
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Bottle closures for wine
S U M M A R Y S U M M A R Y A N D A N D O U T L O O KO U T L O O K
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