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Mutation, Variation, and Adaptation Notes
January 28, 2014
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Key Terms for this Unit
Mutation: Any change that occurs in a gene or chromosome (DNA)
Variation: Any difference between individuals of the same species
Adaptation: A genetic trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce
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Genetics Review
• Genetic material (DNA/genes/chromosomes) is held in the nucleus of a cell
• Genetic material controls inherited traits such as eye color, height, ear shape, etc.
• If the genetic material changes, the traits change as well!!
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Mutations: Causes
Mutation: Any change that occurs in the DNA of a gene or chromosome (genetic material)
What causes mutations?
-Mutagens: things in the environment that cause mutations (radiation, chemicals, etc.)
-Cell division: when your cells divide the genetic material is sometimes changed by accident
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Practice Questions:
1. Which of the following could cause a mutation inside your DNA?
a. Sunlight
b. Mistake in cell division
c. Cigarette Smoke
d. All of the above
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Mutations: Effects
• What are the effects of mutations?
• Mutations change the traits of organisms and causes variation (differences) within a species
• Example: Difference in eye color is caused by differences in DNA (mutations)
Brown Eyes or Blue Eyes
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Mutations: Effects
Most mutations cause changes to traits that have little or no effect on the survival of an organism!!! (neutral)-Example: eye color, hair color, color blindness etc.
Some mutations are bad (favorable or negative) and cause changes to traits that can kill the organism or stop it from reproducing!-Example: cancer, Down syndrome, Cystic
fibrosis, etc.
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Mutations: Effects
• Some mutations are good (favorable or positive) and can cause changes to traits that help the organism survive and reproduce (adaptations)
• -Example: peacock tail feathers, tiger stripes, colorful flowers (no superpowers!!)
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Practice Question #2
Most mutations are bad
• True
• False
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Inheriting Mutations
• Mutations (changes in DNA) can only passed on to an organism's offspring if the mutation takes place in the sex cells (sperm or eggs)
• Examples: • -Radiation from the sun causes cancer in your skin cells; your kids
will NOT be born with skin cancer
• -Chemicals in plastic water bottles cause a mutation in an egg cell; your child is born with only one arm
• -As your body forms sperm cells a mistake is made in copying the DNA; your child is born with Down syndrome
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Variation
• Variation: any difference between individuals of the same species
• Caused by genetic mutations and sexual reproduction!
• Examples: fur color, stem height, number of toes, ear lobe shape, beak size, etc.
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Variation
Some variations have little effect on the survival/reproduction of an organism
-Example: Ear lobe shape, eye color, etc.
Some variations have a negative effect on the survival/reproduction of an organism
-Example: genetic diseases, brown fur in the arctic, etc.
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Review Question #3
Variations in a population are caused by mutations and sexual reproduction.
True or False
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Adaptations
Some variations have a positive effect on the survival/reproduction of an organism
-Example: gills in fish, hollow bones in birds, xylem in plants, etc.
Variations that help an organism survive and reproduce are called adaptations
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Adaptations: Structures
• Birds have hollow bones which make them lighter so they can fly
• Plants have hollow tubes in their stems called xylem which allow water to flow from the roots to the leaves
• Fish have gills which allow them to breathe underwater
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Adaptations and the Environment
• Whether or not a trait is an adaptation depends on the environment in which the organism lives!
• Example: Gills on fish would be an adaptation for living underwater, but it would be an unfavorable trait for living on dry land
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Review Question #4
• Which of the following is an adaptation that could help an organism survive in the desert?
A. Gills
B. Thin Fur
C. Large Eyes
D. Green Skin
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Adaptations: Behaviors
• Migration: populations travel to a different area to find food or avoid bad weather (birds, butterflies, wildebeests)
• Some plants (such as tulips) store food in bulbs so they can survive the winter
• Hibernation: Some small mammals sleep through the winter when it is cold/no food (bears do not hibernate)
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