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fMRI and its application
Group 5 高名彥 許恬寧 段昭誼
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Outline
• What is MRI?
• What is fMRI?
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What is MRI
•MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)核磁共振
•MRI is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to investigate the anatomy and physiology of the body in both health and disease. MRI scanners use magnetic fields and radio waves to form images of the body.
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What is MRI?
Source: http://www.mnc.umd.edu/sites/default/files/images/facilities/mri-2.png
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What is MRI?
• Magnetic system:• main coil
• 0.2-7(T) for human
• 4.7-9.4(T) for animal
• gradient coils• Generate gradient on X- Y- Z- direction to realize NMR signal space encoding
• RF system:• RF emitter
• RF receiver
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Physics of MRI
S: spin of the nucleus(原子核的自旋)ϒ: gyromagnetic ratio(磁旋比)μ: magnetic moment of nucleus(核磁矩)
h bar: h/2pi m: half-integer or integer, e.g. -1 0 1 or -1/2 +1/2 Iz: spin projection along applied magnetic field
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Physics of MRI
Source: http://www.mynewager.com/articles/images/q2a.gif
B
μz: magnetic moment along applied magnetic field
E: energy
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Applied magnetic fieldDifferent value for different atom
Source: http://www.mynewager.com/articles/images/q2a.gif
E=hν
Exceptions: O16, C12 have no nucleus spin
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Conclusion of MRI
• Magnetic field
• =>split of energy(different for different kinds of atom)
• =>when the energy of EM wave equal to the split difference
• =>be absorbed
• Use the spectrum to analyze.
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What is fMRI?
• functional MRI (fMRI)
• Fact: Cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled.• Brain activity=> blood flow↑
• fMRI uses MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.
• More specifically, deoxygenated hemoglobin (dHb) is more magnetic (paramagnetic) than oxygenated hemoglobin (Hb).
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What is fMRI?
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fMRI imagePositive: 相對興奮Negative: 相對抑制
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MRI vs fMRI
Source: http://www.faculty.Jacobs-university.de/llinsen/teaching/320562/Teodora_Chitiboi_1.pdf
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MRI vs fMRI
Source: http://www.faculty.Jacobs-university.de/llinsen/teaching/320562/Teodora_Chitiboi_1.pdf
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Outline
• fMRI data explanation
• Three types of fMRI in experiment design
• Several viewpoints on fMRI
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Hemodynamic response (HDR)
convolution
Voxel by voxel analysis, GLM(general linear model)27 mm3 , Each one represents a tidy cube of brain tissue~106 cells
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** The power of using fMRI on small rodents to study brain pharmacology and disease
Paper studying
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Several nouns to clarify
• CBV: cerebral blood volume 腦血容積
• CBF: cerebral blood flow 腦微灌流
• ASL: arterial spin labelling 動脈標記法
• FC: function connectivity
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1. Stimulus-evoked fMRI (st-fMRI)
Specific stimulus, sensory or cognitive stimuli
- Block design, two or more different conditions are altered (preclinical studies) ,pros: powerful
- Event-related design, time in between vary and much shorter stimuli are used ,pros: latency, shape
- Timing depends on predefined paradigm
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2. Pharmacological modulation on neuronal activity (phMRI)
Acute injection of a compound during fMRI evokes changes in the BOLD response
- Express specific receptors for the injected compound and also in their projection areas
- Experiment design dependent profile of the drug
- Timing and amplitude of the stimuli (more challenging than st-fMRI)
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3. Monitoring BOLD signal at rest (rsfMRI)
rest, signal show spontaneous BOLD fluctuations over time
- spontaneous low frequency fluctuations of the BOLD signal are used as indirect marker to depict the functional architecture of the brain.
** Functional connectivity (FC) is defined as the temporal correlation of low frequency(0.01–0.1Hz)fluctuations of the BOLD signal between spatially distinct brain regions
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Overview of application of fMRI methods
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rs-fMRI basic analysis
Independent Component Analysis-voxels of one component represent regions that are functionally connected
Voxel-based Analysis-the time course is compared to all other voxels in the brain, resulting in FC map
ROI-based Analysis-the time course is compared to all other regions in the brain, resulting in FC matrix
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Cabeza: Compensatory Hypothesis
• fMRI could help discover more info than outward behavior
** PFC activity during source memory was right lateralized in Young and Old-Low participants but bilateral in Old-High participants.
Aging Gracefully: Compensatory Brain Activity in High-Performing Older Adults Roberto Cabeza,*,1 Nicole D. Anderson,†, ‡ Jill K. Locantore,† and Anthony R. McIntosh†, §
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Future fMRI application
• self control of brain activation region, pain controlling
• mind reading, brain reading
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Several viewpoints on fMRI
1. Not precisely : too slow to capture all of the changes in the brain. Each scan 1~2s, a neuron to fire >100 times.
2. Hard to normalize between individuals :BOLD signal is not direct outcome from neuron activity.
3. Low Sensitivity: Strongest BOLD signal on Visual cortex only ~4% difference (2%~4%), SNR < 50 (1.5T)
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fMRIVisual
Perception
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Visual Perception is really hard to understand…
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Thanks to fMRI!
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Visual Pathway
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Dissociation
What Where/How
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Visually guided grasping produces fMRI activation in dorsal but not ventral stream brain areas
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Object-directed action
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Object Recognition
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Isolating Specific Brain Activity
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fMRI Result
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Dissociation
Object recognition
Object-directed action
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With fMRI…
• Gaining knowledge about human perception
• Pinpoint the problem
• Help find the cure for some diseases
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REF
• Culham, J. C., et al. (2003). "Visually guided grasping produces fMRIactivation in dorsal but not ventral stream brain areas."
• Kanwisher, et al. (1997). “The Fusiform Face Area: A module in Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized for Face Perception.”
• Goldstein, E.B. (2014). Sensation and Perception . 9th edition.
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Thanks for your time and listening!
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Appendix
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FFA(Fusiform Face Gyrus)
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PPA
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EBA
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Experience-dependent Plasticity
• Gauthier (1991)
• Greebles
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Expertise Hypothesis
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reference
• https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F
• https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging
• http://www.faculty.jacobs-university.de/llinsen/teaching/320562/Teodora_Chitiboi_1.pdf