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Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Conflicts
• Examiner FRCS Tr Orth
• Spine Surgeon
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Scoliosis
Spondy
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Scoliosis• Three core worries
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• History• Age of onset
• Birth history
• Family history
• Menarche
• Pain
• Cosmesis
“Please take a history ….”
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Scoliosis
• Examination• Describe shape &
balance• Café au Lait, Dimples
• Adams forward bend• Scoliometer
• Leg lengths
• Neurology• Reflexes UMN
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“Could you now examine please….”
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Scoliosis
• Investigations• Standing Xray
• Cobb Angle• Neutral vertebra
• End vertebra
• Risser grade
• Bending films
• MRI• Syringomyelia
• Tethering
• Arnold Chiari Malformation
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“So, what are you going to do next?”
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Scoliosis
• Conservative vs surgery• 10-25° Observe
• 25-40° Brace• Weinstein NEJM 2013
• >40° Surgery
• Progression• >40° , 1-2° deg/yr
• Surgery• Posterior fusion
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“So, what are the options?”
• Read about • King/Lenke classification• Neuromuscular
• Quality of life
• Neurofibromatosis• Syndromic
• VACTERL
• Congenital• Failure of formation
• Failure of segmentation
• Duchennes• Lung function vs cobb angle
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Scoliosis
Spondy
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Disc
• Degenerative cascade• 80% water
• Nucleus• Loss of distinction between nucleus and annulus
• Increase collagen in disc
• Decrease neg charged PG side chains
• Decresed water
• Decreased PG aggregates
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• Annulus• Decrease cells
• Decrease metabolic activity
• Decreased PG’s
• Larger collagen fibrils appear
• Overall decreased collagen and shift to type III collagen
• Facet joints• Subchondral sclerosis
• Osteophyte formation
• Loss of articular cartilage
• Joint laxity
• End plate• Calcification of endplate cartilage
• Decreased supply of nutrients to avascular disc
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Disc
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• Disc degeneration• Annular fissure
• Disc protrusion
• Spinal stenosis
• Degenerative spondylolisthesis
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Disc
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Disc
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Disc
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• “Damage to the cauda equina nerve roots occurs in a continuous and progressive fashion”
• Todd BJJ 2015
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Disc
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Scoliosis
Spondy
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Stenosis• Lumbar
• History/exam• Claudication
• Neurogenic vs vascular• Ankle Brachial Pressure Index• LMN
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“The degenerative cascade”
• Treatment• Analgesic ladder
• NSAIDS• ?Epidural - NG59 not
recommended• Posterior decompressionWeinstein JN, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, et al; SPORT Investigators. Surgical versus nonsurgical therapy for lumbar spinal stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(8):794-810
Facet joint cyst
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Stenosis
• Lumbar
• Is there a degenerative spondylolisthesis or not?
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• Posterior decompression
• +/- fusion• Better decompression &
fusion rate
• Increased risks• 1997 Volvo Award winner in clinical studies: degenerative
lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis: a prospective, randomized study comparing decompressive …JS Fischgrund, M Mackay, HN Herkowitz, R Brower… - Spine, 1997
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Stenosis
• Cervical
• Myelopathic
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“The degenerative cascade”
• Upper motor neurone
• Decreased power
• Legs, multiple areas
• Altered sensation
• Sensory level
• Poor proprioception
• Myelopathic gate
• Increased reflexes
• Myelomalacia
• Treatment• Symptoms plateaued?• Cervical decompression
• Ant vs post• 1 level ant• 2 levels either• 3 levels post
• Central cord syndrome
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Scoliosis
Spondy
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Spondylolisthesis
• Wiltse/Newman Classification
Wiltse LL, Newman PH, Macnab I. “Classification of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis.” Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976 Jun;(117):23-9.
• Grading• Grade I: 0-25%• Grade II: 25- 50%• Grade III: 50-75%• Grade IV: 75-100%• Grade V: greater than 100%
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• Dysplastic
• Isthmic or lytic
• Degenerative
• Traumatic
• Pathological
• Iatrogenic
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Spondylolisthesis
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• Back Pain
• Nerve Pain
• the PARS
• Investigations?
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Spondylolisthesis
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• Spondylisthetic crisis
• Back Pain
• Nerve Pain• How much to
reduce?• Stretching L5
• a Sagittal Balance crisis
• Spondyloptosis
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Scoliosis
Spondy
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Tumours
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• Common tumours going to spine• Lung - 31% • Breast - 24% • GI tract - 9% • Prostate - 8% • Lymphoma - 6% • Melanoma - 4% • Unknown - 2% • Kidney - 1% • Others including multiple myeloma - 13%
• Mechanical vs
Non Mechanical pain
• MRI whole spine• More than one lesion
•Curative vs palliative•NG75
• En bloc vs radiotherapy vs surgery
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Tumours
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• Malignant Spinal Cord Compression• Patchell Lancet 2005
• Dexamethasone
• Bisphosphonates
•Myeloma
• Indications for surgery• Pain• Neurology
• Posterior decompression and stabalisation
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Infections
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• Common organisms• St Aureus
• Gr Negatives
• TB
• Child vs Adult• Blood supply
• Long term antibiotics• 6 weeks IV 6 weeks oral
•Discitis•Epidural abscess
• This is why we give prophylactic antibiotics in spine surgery
• Antibiotics for LBP
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Scoliosis
Spondy
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Trauma
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• Classifications• anatomical • morphological
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Trauma
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• Neurology• ASIA score
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Trauma
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• Examples
• New technologies in spine: kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for the treatment of painful osteoporotic compression fractures• SR Garfin, HA Yuan, MA Reiley - spine, 2001
“• Most patients with osteoporosis fractures can be managed conservatively. • Balloon kyphoplasty is an option for a small number of patients with vertebral compression fractures. “
NICE 2005
• A1 fracture
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Trauma
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• Examples
• “Fixateur Interne”
• A3 fractureMr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Trauma
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• Examples
• Ankylosing spondylitis• It is broken until you prove it isn’t!!!!!!!!
• Xray
• CT
• MRI !!!!!!!!!!
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Trauma
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• Steroids• methylprednisilone
• They are coming back again….
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Trauma
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• Cervical dislocation• Unifacetal
• 25% displacement• Bifacetal
• 50% displacement• Perched
• MRI – Is there a disc?
• Slow Traction
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Scoliosis
Spondy
Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth
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Mr Niall Eames MD FRCS Tr Orth