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Moving from sounds to languageー
from phonetics to phonologyfrom phonetics to phonology
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Introduction to English Linguistics(Bi / B k )(Bieswanger / Becker)
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SoundSound• what is it?
• what features does it have?
• and how can you tell one language sound• and how can you tell one language sound from another??
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amplitude + frequency
energyenergy + frequency
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SPECTROGRAMSSPECTROGRAMS
Are you g o ing to the p a r k ?
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Are you g o ing to the p a r k ?
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Acoustic Phonetics
th e re’ s a b ea r h e rethere’s a bear here
from: Mike Davenport and S.J. HannahsIntroducing Phonetics and Phonology. 1998, p66
th e re s a b ea r h e re
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S H O E
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Speech: sound spectogramp p g
from: Edward Finegan Language: its structure and use. 1994, p52
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Speech: vowels onlyp y
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Sound analysis:y
the two occurencesthe two occurencesof ‘I’ in the phrase
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Sound analysis:y
the two occurencesthe two occurencesof ‘I’ in the phrase
FORMANTS F2F1
F0‘fundamental frequency’ F0
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Working with the sounds of languageWorking with the sounds of language...For example: the ‘praat’ system, freely p p y , yavailable and downloadable for your PC
http://www.praat.org
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Examining a ‘speech signal’ with Praat: Instructions
1. Get your own copy of the speech processing program praat from www praat orgpraat from www.praat.org
2. Start the program3 Record some sound and look at it:3. Record some sound and look at it:
– New>Record Mono Sound– Record ... StopRecord ... Stop– To list: “name”– Edit
4. You can then select any portion of the signal to play and to measure its physical acoustic properties...
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Big questionBig question
• how to get from these blobs of energy with different frequencies to language?q g g
h th i th t ‘ h ’ i– hypothesis: that we ‘somehow’ recognisewhen particular phonetic features are
tpresent...
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Evidence for Phonetic Features:Evidence for Phonetic Features: speech errorsp
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Describing SoundsDescribing Sounds
IPA i i ? lit ? l ? ?IPA voicing? nasality? place? manner?
NO NO VELAR PLOSIVE
?kNO NO VELAR PLOSIVE
-voiced-nasal+velar
a ‘bundle’ of phonetic features +velar
+stopphonetic features
[k] p“distinguishing features”
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Example 1Example 1
Intended Actually produced
big and fat pig and vat
- voiced+ labial
+ voiced+ labial
- voiced+ labiodental
+ voiced+ labiodental
- voiced+ labial
+ voiced+ labiodental
+ stop+ stop + fricative + fricative+ stop + fricative
►voicing is known about separately to the other features
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Example 2Example 2
Intended Actually produced
Is Pat a girl? Is bat a curl?
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Example 2Example 2Intended Actually producedIntended Actually produced
I P t i l? I b t l?Is Pat a girl? Is bat a curl?
+ voicedvoiced + voiced voiced+ voiced voiced+ voiced+ labial+ stop
- voiced+ labial+ stop
+ voiced+ velar+ stop
- voiced+ velar+ stop
+ voiced+ labial+ stop
- voiced+ velar+ stop+ stop+ stop + stop + stop+ stop + stop
►voicing is known about separately to the other features►voicing is known about separately to the other features
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Example 3Example 3
Intended Actually produced
Cedars of Cedars of Lebanon Lemmanon
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Example 3Example 3Intended Actually producedIntended Actually produced
C d f C d fCedars of Lebanon
Cedars of LemmanonLebanon Lemmanon+ voiced+ labial
+ voiced+ labial
+ voiced+ alveolar
+ voiced+ alveolar
+ voiced+ labial
+ voiced+ alveolar
+ nasal+ stop + nasal + nasal+ nasal + nasal
►nasal is known about separately to the other features
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SoSo...
• the brain does seem to organise things using phonetic features...g p
• what does it base recognising these features on?features on?– energy/frequency– visual information on articulation– linguistic context!linguistic context!
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McGurk Effect http://ramil.sagum.net/stuff/mcgurk_medium.avi
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Did you hearDid you hear…
• [b][ ]• [d][d]• [g]• [g]
thi l ?• something else?
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Introduction to English Linguistics(Bi / B k )(Bieswanger / Becker)
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Phonetics and Phonology
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Phonetics & PhonologyPhonetics & Phonology
• Phonetics– is about the actual sounds that are made in
language and languages
• Phonology– is about how languages divide up the
individual sounds into units for making distinct meaning-carrying elements (words and morphemes)
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“Phonology”
• the function of sounds
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PhonologyPhonology
• groups bundles of physical stimuli (corresponding to phonetic information) ( p g p )into ‘abstract sounds’ that speakers ‘hear’ as the sameas the same...
t itriptraptrope
[®]tropewraprip [®]prope [®•]
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PhonologyPhonology
• groups bundles of physical stimuli (corresponding to phonetic information) ( p g p )into ‘abstract sounds’ that speakers ‘hear’ as the sameas the same...
t itriptraptrope
[®]/ /trope
wraprip [®]
/®/p
rope [®•]
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PhonologyPhonology
• groups bundles of physical stimuli (corresponding to phonetic information) ( p g p )into ‘abstract sounds’ that speakers ‘hear’ as the sameas the same...
h hi h[®]/ /
two phones which function as
ll h f th
[®]/®/
phoneme
allophones of the phoneme /®/ in E li h[®•]phoneme English
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• How do we find out which are the phonemes of a language???p g g
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Paradigmatic vs. Syntagmatic
Ferdinand de SaussureFerdinand de Saussure(1916)
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... c h a i n ...syntagmatic
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choice is meaningful“paradigmatic”
... c h a i n ...
“ t ti ”“syntagmatic”
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[b t] “bat”[b t] bat... c h a i n ...
phoneticsphoneticsa chain of phones
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[b t] “bat”[b t] bat... c h a i n ...
b[k t]
b Q[b ]
t[kQt] [bIt] [bQp]
[pQt] [bEt] [bQd][p ] [bEt] [ ]
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[b t] “bat”[b t] bat... c h a i n ...
b[k t]
b Q[b ]
tminimal pair[kQt] [bIt] [bQp]minimal pair
minimal pair[pQt] [bEt] [bQd]
minimal pair[p ] [bEt] [ ]
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Phonemes / Phonology: contrastive units
/b t//b t/... c h a i n ...
phonologyphonologya chain of phonemes
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Phonemes / Phonology: contrastive units
/b t//b t/... c h a i n ...
bb Q tk pI
p dEp dE
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Phonemes / Phonology: contrastive units
/b t//b t/... c h a i n ...
bb Q tminimal pair• minimal pairs
k pIminimal pair
are distinctive
p dEminimal pair• they stand in oppositionp dEopposition
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Phonemes / Phonology: contrastive units
/b t//b t/... c h a i n ...
bb Q t• phonemes are the minimal
k pIunits of phonology
p dE• changing a phoneme means that you change thep dEmeans that you change the word!
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Phonemes / Phonology: contrastive units
/b t//b t/... c h a i n ...
bb a t• and just which units are distinctive depends on the
k pId s c e depe ds o elanguage
p dE• more specifically: on the phonological system of the p dEp g ylanguage
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Introduction to English Linguistics(Bieswanger / Becker)
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Grouping sounds togetherGrouping sounds together
• lighth ll
• leakl• hell
ilk• close
li k• milkleopard
• lickluck• leopard
• bold• luck• tulip• bold
• late• tulip• film• late • film
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Phonetic representationPhonetic representation
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Complementary distributionp y
[l] […][l] […][ ] [ ]?? ?
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Phonetics & PhonologyPhonetics & Phonology
• the actual sounds involved are differentdifferent– [l][ ]– […]
• but English groups these together as a single “abstract sound”, ora single abstract sound , or phoneme.
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Complementary distributionp y
/®//®/
[®] [®][®] [®•]
? ?? ?
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“l t” “t ll”“let” “tell”
[lEt] [tE…][lEt] [tE…]
[tEl][tEl]
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“l t” “t ll”“let” “tell”
[lEt] [tE…][lEt] [tE…]
[… Et][… Et]
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“l t” “t ll”“let” “tell”
[lEt] [tE…][lEt] [tE…]
[… Et] [tEl][… Et] [tEl]COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION
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[lEt] [tE…]Phonetics [lEt] [tE…]
[l] […][l] […]phones
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[lEt] [tE…]Phonetics [lEt] [tE…]/lEt/ /tEl/Phonemics /lEt/ /tEl/‘abstract’ sounds:abstract sounds:the units that a language distinguishes in order to make up its wordsin order to make up its words
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[lEt] [tE…]Phonetics [lEt] [tE…]/lEt/ /tEl/Phonemics /lEt/ /tEl/
/l/ [l] […]/l/ [l] […][ ] [ ]phoneme phones
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Complementary distributionp y
[l] […][l] […][ ] [ ]
before : E, I, i elsewhere
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Complementary distributionp y
[l] […][l] […][ ] [ ]allophones
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Complementary distributionp y
[l] […][l] […]of theh /l/[ ] [ ]phoneme /l/
allophones
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Complementary distributionp y
[l] […] of the/l/[l] […] phoneme /l/
allophonesallophones
h l ll h bwhen we replace one allophone by another of the same phoneme,
t diff t dwe never get a different word
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Ways to find out whether we have a different phoneme or just an allophone
• see what happens when we change the form of a ordform of a word:
– clap: [klQp|] vs. [klQp] – clapping: *[klQp|IN] vs [klQpIN]– clapping: [klQp IN] vs. [klQpIN]
R d [ ] Räd [ d ]– Rad: [“a˘t] vs. Räder: [“E˘då]– Rat: [“a˘t] vs. Räte: [“E˘d´]
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Ways to find out whether we have a different phoneme or just an allophone
• see what happens when we change the form of a ordform of a word:
– tell: [te…] vs. *[tel] – telling: *[te…IN] vs [telIN]– telling: [te…IN] vs. [telIN]
– hear: [hI´] vs. *[hI®] – hearing: *[hI´ IN] vs. [hI®IN] g [ _ N] [ N]
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Neutralisation of contrasts
[d] i Räd/d/
[d] in Räder/d/
[t] in Rad
/t/ [t] in Rat
[t] in Räte[t] in Räte
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Phonological RulePhonological Rule
/l/ [l] / E I i/l/ [l] / _E, I, i
[…] /[…] / elsewhere[ ]
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Making generalisationsMaking generalisations
leImlame leIm li˘d …
a eleadl mp …√mplump
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Making generalisationsMaking generalisations
leIm …Uk…√mp
leIm li˘d
…Uk…At
front central back
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Phonological Rule (from last time)(generalised)
/l/ [l] / E e I iVf t/l/ [l] / _E, e, I, i
[…] /Vfront
[…] / elsewhere[ ]
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Linguistic featuresLinguistic features
• We always use linguistic features– phonetic featuresp– syntactic features
phonological features– phonological features– morphological features
to make generalisations
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Free variation?[klQp|]
p[klQp ][klQp]
H p[klQpH]
[ h] [ ][ph] [p][p ] [p]
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Description vs. Prescriptionp p
• Descriptionesc p o– describing how language is, systematising
our observations in order to serve as aour observations in order to serve as a basis for proposing theories. Empirical– Empirical.
• Proscription / Prescription• Proscription / Prescription– saying how language should be, based on
norms and social standards, sense(s) of aesthetics, ‘folk’-feelings about language.
– Not linguistic!
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Phonological RulePhonological Rule
/l/ [l] / E I i/l/ [l] / _E, I, i
[…] /[…] / elsewhere[ ]
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Introduction to English Linguistics(Bieswanger / Becker)
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Phonetics & PhonologyPhonetics & Phonology
• Phonetics– is about the actual sounds that are made in
language and languages
• Phonology– is about how languages divide up the
individual sounds into units for making distinct meaning-carrying elements (words and morphemes)
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Phones Phonemes LanguagePhones, Phonemes, Language
Which phones are allophones of which phonemes depends on the language!!p p g g
F lFor example:• Chinese / Japanese does not distinguish C ese / Japa ese does ot d st gu s
[l] and [®], some other languages do!• English does not distinguish [p] and [pH]• English does not distinguish [p] and [p ],
some other languages do!
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Phones Phonemes LanguagePhones, Phonemes, Language
The phonological system of a language defines which ‘abstract sounds’ aredefines which ‘abstract sounds’ are available to distinguish meanings
It defines ‘abstract sounds’ or phonemesIt defines abstract sounds , or phonemes, as a collection of actual sounds (phones) th t t di ti i h d b kthat are not distinguished by speakers of the language.
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Phones Phonemes LanguagePhones, Phonemes, Language
English
[p] [pH] /p//l/
[l] […][l] […]/r/phonology[®] Ø
phonetics
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Phones Phonemes LanguagePhones, Phonemes, Language
[pH]
[p]?
[p ]
?[p]
[…][…]?[l]
[®] phonology
phonetics
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Phones Phonemes LanguagePhones, Phonemes, LanguageEnglish
[pH]
English
[p]?
[p ]/p/
?[p]
[…]/l/
[…]?[l] /r/
[®] phonology[®] Ø
phonetics
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Phones Phonemes LanguagePhones, Phonemes, LanguageThai
[pH]
Thai
/ph/[p]
?[p ]
/p/ /ph/
?[p]
[…][…]?[l] /l/
[®] phonology
phonetics
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Phones Phonemes LanguagePhones, Phonemes, Language/ph/
[pH]/p /
Thai[p] /p/ Thai[…][l]
[®]
[l]/l/[®]
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Phones Phonemes LanguagePhones, Phonemes, Language
/p/ [pH]
English[p]
English/l/ […]
[l][…]
[®]Ø [®][®]
[l][®]
/r/Ø [®][®]
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Phones Phonemes LanguagePhones, Phonemes, Language
/ h/[pH]
/ph//p/ [pH]
[p]
[p ]
/p/[p]
[p]
[…]/p/
/l/ […][l]
[…][ ][l]
/l/[®]Ø [®][®]
[l]
[®] /l/[ ]
/r/Ø [®][®]
ThaiEnglish
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Phones Phonemes LanguagePhones, Phonemes, Language
The phonological system of a language defines which ‘abstract sounds’ aredefines which ‘abstract sounds’ are available to distinguish meanings
It defines ‘abstract sounds’ or phonemesIt defines abstract sounds , or phonemes, as a collection of actual sounds (phones) th t t di ti i h d b kthat are not distinguished by speakers of the language.