Shoumen DattaShoumen Datta 11
More innovations arise from borrowing and combining than from simple invention (Fortune, 2004)
Research Scientist, Engineering Systems Division, School of Engineering, MIT and Executive Director, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>2
I think there is a world market for maybe five computers. Thomas WatsonChairman, IBM
1943
There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home. Kenneth OlsonFounder, DEC
1970
Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future.Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future.NielsNiels BohrBohr
19201920
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>3
17711771 18251825 18861886 19391939 19771977 ~1997~1997
Industrial Revolution
18001800
Knowledge Economy
18531853 19131913 19691969 20052005 20252025
Ado
ptio
nA
dopt
ion
TechnologyIntroduced
18531853 19131913 19691969 20252025 20612061 20812081
Conceptual Advances (add to the Wealth of Nations but add to the Wealth of Nations but ““Adam Smith was wrong!Adam Smith was wrong!””))
TextileTextile RailwayRailway AutoAuto ComputerComputer AgentsGrid, SL
NanotechHydrogen
Fusion
Economic History from Norman Poire
1959AI
Atoms BitsPhysical World Model
PROCESS
DECISION
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>4
Barriers to Adaptability and Death by “Clockspeed”
Graphics: Forrester
PLM SCM CRM
XSCMAdaptable Business Network
“Clockspeed” by Charles Fine, MITAdaptable Business Network popularized by Bob Betts, Founder, Mainstreet Applications and co-author of “Adapt or Die”
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>5
Source: Forrester
Data vs Noise
~6 terabytesper second
Estimate excludes real-time data
~10 terabytesper second
~3 terabytesper second
2005
2003
2004
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>6
65% of SKUsare inaccurate
Absolute Error (units)
% o
f SK
Us (
n=36
9,59
2)35%
22%
10%
6%4%
3% 3%2% 2% 1% 1%
9%
1%0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-50 51-100 101-200 201-400
Inventory Record Inaccuracy
Source: Nicole DeHoratius, University of Chicago and Ananth Raman, Harvard Business School
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>7
Too many wrong products !!
1970 1980 1990 1995
Markdowns (% of sales)
31%
26%
21%
16%
11%
6%
Fewer right products“A third of customers entering a store leave without buying. They can’t find what they came to buy.”
Push Pull Adaptive PredictiveConvergence Convergence Convergence
Source: Nicole DeHoratius, University of Chicago and Ananth Raman, Harvard Business School
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>8
Retain 87.5% of the information
Data vs Information: Systems introduce Artifacts and Inaccuracies
Size = Length + Breadth
Retain 62.5% of the information
http://obelia.jde.aca.mmu.ac.uk/multivar/pca_graf.htm
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>9
Retailer’s DCMANUFACTURERRaw material
SUPPLIERS
Store
Store
Store
Store
Store
Store
Store
Store
DC
DC
DC
Paper
Medical
Cotton
Store
Plant DC
Plant DC
EPC (RFID), UWB (UID)
Replenishmentneeds
Confirmation
Loads
Store Orders
Status
Futureshipping needs
Replenishmentneeds determinedfrom RFID Tag info“Intelligent Signal”
Transport
Customer Info Center
ManufacturerHQ
real timeRFID data
Personal Care
Consumer Tissue
Health Care
InformationAgent
Inventory AgentInventory Agent
TLB Agent
Cross-Docking Agent
ConsumptionInventory
SEMANTIC PORTAL
Open Grid Services ArchitectureOpen Grid Services Architecture
ImmediateReplenishment
needs
Right-Time Data in Agents-integrated Adaptable Demand Network ?
(This illustration is a modified composite from various sources including P&G, Forrester, Kimberly-Clark)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>10
Real Time DataStreaming Data, Continuous Queries
D2B / RFID / UWBObject Oriented Hardware
Service (Value) Supply Chain
Semantic GridSemantic GridWeb PortalWeb Portal
dERPGRID
Internet 0 Internet 0 Internet 1 Internet 1 Internet 2Internet 2
AGENTS
S E C U R I T Y
Internet 0 Ubiquitous Infrastructure: Real-Time Data ON/OFF Control
MEMS / NEMSIntel Motes, Crossbow
Service (Value) Supply Chain
Froman officein Shinzen, China, you logon a SDR reader in a warehouse in USA, to check if your products arrived on-time. They did. You also get to know thatyour distributor in Santiago, Chile and retailer in Espoo,Finland also checked the delivery status, moments before you logged on.
Bits, Atoms, DecisionsBits, Atoms, Decisions
Right-TimeAnalytics
Data Interrogators as Ubiquitous Internet Appliances
IPv6
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>11
CONVERGENCE CONVERGENCE
Real-Time Adaptive Model
DECISIONDECISION
PROCESSPROCESS
OBJECTOBJECT
OPTIMIZE
INFODATA
AGENTSAGENTS
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>12
CONFLUENCE CONFLUENCE
Near Real-Time Predictive Model
DECISIONDECISION
PROCESSPROCESS
OBJECTOBJECT
OPTIMIZE
INFODATA
AGENTSAGENTSDemand “ Pull ”Forecast “ Predict ”
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>13
RRadio adio FFrequencyrequency IDIDentificationentification
Enabling RealEnabling Real--time Data at the Righttime Data at the Right--time ?time ?
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>14
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>15
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>16
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>17
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>18
1977RCA develops "Electronic identification system"
What is ‘new’ about RFID ? Evolution of RFID
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
RFID born out of Radar effort (WWII)
RFID crawls out Theory of RFID, field trials planned
Early adopters implement RFID
Commercial RFID endeavors sprout
Many RFID standards emerge
1948Harry Stockman invents RFID. Publishes paper,“Communication by Means of Reflected Power”
1952F.L. Vernon“Application of the microwave homodyne”
1950D.B. Harris patents RFID.“Radio transmission systems withmodulatablepassive responder”
1963-1964R.F. Harrington advances theory with “Field measurements using active scatterers” and“Theory of loaded scatterers” 1975
Los Alamos National Lab (LANL) releases RFIDresearch to public sector, publishes “Short-range radio-telemeteryfor electronic identification using modulated backscatter”
1973Raytheon's "Raytag"
1966Commercialization of EAS, 1-bit Electronic ArticleSurveillance
1976-1977LANL RFID spin-offs Indentronixand Amtech
1975-1978Raytheon, Fairchild & RCA develop RFID
1982Mikron founded;bought by Philips
Partial Source: Shrouds of Time – The History of RFID
1991TI creates TIRIS to develop and market RFID
Vast number of RFID companies and
‘short-sight’ enters the market.
1987First RFID road toll collection implementedin Norway
1992-1995Multi-protocol traffic control and toll collection implemented in Texas, Oklahoma, and Georgia (USA)
1959Identification of Friend or Foe (IFF) long-range transpondersystem reaches breadboard demonstration stage.
RFID hype, peaks
Modified from: Han Pang Huang, National Taiwan University
2003UPC and EANforced by US retailers topromote EPC
1998David Brock and Sanjay Sarma of MIT publishes an idea: ‘Internet of Things’
1999Auto ID Center created at MIT. Retailers drive to standardize EPC
2005Wal-Mart andUS DoD fuelsthe hype curveby demandingsuppliers usepassive RFIDand EPC.
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>19
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>20
3 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 6
- UPC/EAN
- Code 128
- Ilv 2 of 5
- Code 39
Point-of-Scanningis potentially theweakest link in the chain.
CHAR. PATTERN CHAR. PATTERN1 M2 N3 O4 P5 Q6 R7 S8 T9 U0 VA WB XC YD ZE -F
G SPACE
H *I $J /K +L %
- 2D Stacked
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>21
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>22
FROM TO
SSCC
CARRIER
Good Time Supplier1155 Battery StSan Francisco,94111
CustomerDC14785241 San Antonio Dr NEAlbuquerque NM 87109
SHIP TO POSTBest FreightB/L: 853930
PO: 345-896779-0DEPT: 092
(00) 000521775138957172
(420) 87109
SSCC
Application Identifier
ExtensionDigit
EAN.UCCCompany
Prefix
Check Digit
Serial Reference
6 14141 12345 9
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>23
Value Chain Management
Sony S
NC / Tra
nsmeta
Solectr
onMfg
Pen
ang
Sony e
-log
Merise
l
Comp U
SA
Primar
yCon
sumer
Gift
Servic
e, W
arra
nty
Spare
Par
ts
Aware Goods? Object Identification ?Aware Goods? Object Identification ?
Inven
tory
Purch
asing
Manufacturing
Goods Receipt / Picking
Warehouse Management
Tracking
Delivery
Goods Receipt
Recall Control
Track Customer / Product History
Service Support
BUSINESS PROCESS
VALUE CREATION
Inventory / Procurement
Focus: Customer Relationship Management
Supplier Relationship ManagementDistributor Retailer Management
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>24
Source:
The Economist, April 24th, 2004
“Likewise, in the past few decades most ofthe companies that have created trulyextraordinary amounts of wealth have doneso by inventing great processes, not greatproducts (technology). Dell, Toyota andWal*Mart, for example, have risen to the top of their respective industries by comingup with amazingly efficient ways of gettingquite ordinary products into the hands of consumers more cheaply than their rivals.”
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>25
• Radio Frequency Identification•• Electronic Product Code (EPC)Electronic Product Code (EPC)
RF waves transfer data (object to reader)Re-writable secure dataIdentify individual itemsLine of sight not requiredStable in variety of conditionsRead through most non-metalsRFID transponders 5 cents ? ($0.25 - $150)RFID readers: $2000 to $10 (SDR?)Infrastructure: Profit over Physics?RFID Interface (Real-time data) to ERP (?)Can current RDBMS handle data flow?Auto ID standard Global EPC at UCC.EANLimited spatial capacity of 1 kbpsm2
Item or PalletSKU Reader
Server
Internet
Why use RFID ? EmperorWhy use RFID ? Emperor’’s New Clothes?s New Clothes?
RFID Tag (Active UWB)
ERP
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>26
• CPU and Memory• Antenna• Frequencies• Active (battery) • Passive• Read only (WORM) tags • Re-writable tags• Low sophistication = Low Cost.
• One or more RF tags
• Two or more antennas
• One or more interrogators
• One or more host computers
• Appropriate software
• Tag memory: factory or field programmed, partitionable(option: permanent lock)
• Bytes left unlocked can berewritten >100,000 times
• Critical information database
What is RFID ?What is RFID ?System
Tags
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>27
Active RFID - Longer rangeContinuously powered tag Low-level RF to the tag High-level RF back to the reader (transmits radio signal)Longer read ranges (>100 metres)Multi-KB data capacity
Passive RFID - Shorter range Tags reflect radio signal from readerTag receives/stores energy to respond Needs stronger RF signal from readerLow RF strength from tagShorter range (~5 cm to ~5 metres)May require link to database
Semi-Passive RFIDSimilar to passiveInternal power (battery) for tag circuitry Range may be extended
Types of RFID
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>28
AM Radio SW Radio Garage TV 2-6 FM Radio TV 7-13 TV 14-69 Cordless Ph
0.5 1.7 30 40 54 88 108 174 216 470 806 902
GPS Cell Ph BluTh, b/g 802.11a Satel TV
1.61.2 1.8 2.1 2.4
IC
5.0 5.8 10.7 12.5
MHz GHz
125 KHz 433 MHz 860-930 MHz 2.45 GHz13.56 MHz
U L T R A W I D E B A N D
RFID FrequenciesRFID Frequencies
EPCEPC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>29
More susceptible to noiseShared with other technologies
Small tag/antenna sizeGood rangeVery high data rate
2.45GHz and 5.8GHz
Poor water/tissue penetrationUHF spectrum crowded in USRegulatory issues outside US
Longer rangeHigher data rate
303.8MHz, 418MHz, 433MHz, 868MHz and 915MHz
Government RegulationsHard to get around metal
Water/Tissue penetrationSmall, thinner antenna
13.56MHz
Very large antennaSlow with short range
Free from regulationRelatively inexpensive
125KHz and 135KHz
DisadvantagesAdvantageFrequency
RFID FrequenciesRFID Frequencies
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>30
Frequency Regulation Range Data Speed Comments
125-150 kHz Unregulated ≈ 10 cm Low Animal identification and factory data collection systems
13.56 MHz ISM band, differing power levels and duty cycle
< 1 m Low to moderate
Popular frequency for Smart Cards
433 MHz
Non-specific Short Range Devices (SRD), Location Systems
1 – 100 m Moderate US DoD (Active)
860-960 MHz
ISM band (Increasing use in other regions, differing power levels and duty cycle
2 – 5 m Moderate to high
EAN.UCC GTAG, MH10.8.4 (RTI), AIAG B-11 (Tires), EPC (18000-6’)
2450 MHz ISM band (differing power levels and duty cycle)
1 – 2 m High IEEE 802.11b, Bluetooth, CT, AIAG B-11
RFID FrequenciesRFID Frequencies
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>31
Frequencies to be Studied
5850 MHz315 MHz
2450 MHz13.56 MHz
862 - 928 MHz7.4 - 8.8 MHz
433.92 MHz50 - 140 kHz
United StatesIndia
United KingdomHong Kong
SingaporeGermany
Russian FederationFrance
Korea (South)China
JapanAustralia
Second Focus
YugoslaviaSouth AfricaNorwayEgypt
UkraineSlovak RepublicNew ZealandDenmark
TurkeySaudi ArabiaNetherlandsCzech Republic
ThailandRomaniaMexicoColombia
TaiwanPortugalMalaysiaCanada
SwitzerlandPolandItalyBrazil
SwedenPhilippinesIsraelBelgium
SpainPeruFinlandAustria
VenezuelaOmanHungaryChile
United Arab EmiratesMaltaCyprusBulgaria
SloveniaKuwait Czech RepublicBahrain
QatarIndonesiaCroatiaArgentinaThird Focus
First Focus
Identify the primary user Identify the availabilityIdentify the maximum possible output powerIdentify the maximum antenna gain Identify the max effective isotropic radiated power (ERIP) Identify the required duty cycle Identify the bandwidthIdentify the channel spacingIdentify the licensing requirementsIdentify restrictions and future plans
Elements of the Study (each frequency, each country)
for RFID, RFDC (RFID data collection) & RFID LAN (RLAN)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>32
RFID Hardware Types
• Acousto-Magnetic – Very Short Range• Inductive – Very Short Range• Modulated Backscatter – Short to Medium Range/Directional• Long Range Active – Long Range• Real Time Location – Long Range
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>33
Acousto-Magnetic
• Theft Prevention and Access Control• Easily deactivated• Very low frequency (50-60KHz)• Inexpensive.
EAS Label
Transmitter Receiver
PulsesResonating
Signal
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>34
Inductive
• CPU with ferrite/air core• Short range (inches)• Low cost• <150KHz and 13.56MHz • Passive
TagTag
Reader/WriterReader/Writer
Movement of Tag
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>35
Inductive Passive 13.56 MHz and <135 KHz
Near FieldASK, PSK
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>36
Inductive – How it works
RFID TagRFID Tag
SecondarySecondaryCoilCoil
PowerPowerSourceSource
TraditionalTraditionalTransformerTransformer
PrimaryPrimaryCoilCoil
I
LoadLoad
I
ReaderReader
ToTo““SystemSystem””
I
EM FieldEM Field
< 60 cm< 60 cm
EM FieldEM Field
I
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>37
EM Field UHF RFID
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>38
Modulated Backscatter
• 915MHz and 2.4GHz• Range up to 90 feet
RF Field
ToSystem
Eye
Light
Radio RFIDTag
Light
ReflectiveObject
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>39
Microwave RFID
Passive: ASK, PSKActive: FSK
0.5-1.0 m (far field) 4WActive: 15-20 meters
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>40
Long-Range Active Tags
• UHF or 2.4GHz• Range up to 600 feet• Requires Battery
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>41
Real Time Location System
t4t4
t1t1
t2t2
t3t3
TagTagReaderReader
• Time Differential or Signal Strength• Range up to 1000 feet• Requires Battery
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>
RFID Operation
Reader
RF ModuleTag
Antenna
Host ComputerHost Computer
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>43
RFID Tag : Wireless Information System & DB
Interrogation UnitTx/RxMicro
Computer
Computer Network
Antenna Tag
Radio Tx/Rx
RAM ROM
CPU I/O
Pwr Supply
Radio Tx/Rx
RAM ROM
CPU I/O
Pwr Supply
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>44
TagInsert
Antenna Reader
Firmware
Customer’sMIS
Host
ApplicationSoftware API
TCP/IP
Power
~
Asset
Asset/Tag
RFID System Components
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>45
RESPONSES
COMMANDS
Tag Physical Memory
APPLICATIONRESPONSES
APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG
APPLICATIONCOMMANDS Command /
ResponseUnit
PHYSICALINTERROGATOR
DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR
Encoder
Logical Memory
AIR
INTERFACELogical Memory
Map
The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the tag architecture and mapping rules
in the Tag Driver. All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in the Logical Memory Map.
Decoder
Tag Driverand
Mapping Rules
Application Program
InterfaceA
pplication Program Interface
DEVICECOMMANDS
DEVICERESPONSES
RFID System Architecture
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>46
Microwave
UHF (400-1000 MHz)
5.5 metres30 WattUS site license
2.0 metres4.0 WattUS & Canada
0.7 metres0.5 WattEU
DistanceApproved EIRP*Radiated Power
from Reader
Where
RFID Technology vs Business Process
Data: AIM
Radiated Power ≈ Energy Field » Read Range
* EIRP * EIRP -- effective isotropic radiated power
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>47
Field StrengthTransmitted Signal Inversely Proportional to Exponent of Distance
13.56 MHz 1/d 6
UHF 1/d 2, 1/d 3, 1/d 4 (orientation dependency)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>48
Sequence of CommunicationSequence of Communication
• Host manages reader(s) and issues commands• Reader and tag communicate via RF signal• Carrier signal generated by reader (request from host application)• Carrier signal transmitted through antennas• Carrier signal reaches tag(s)• Tag receives and modifies carrier signal• Tag ‘sends back’ modulated signal (passive backscatter)• Antennas receive modulated signal and transmits to reader• Reader decodes data• Results returned to host application
RFID Operation RFID Operation -- PASSIVEPASSIVE
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>49
RFID Operation RFID Operation -- ACTIVEACTIVE
Sequence of Communication Sequence of Communication
• Host manages reader(s) and issues commands• Reader and tag communicate via RF signal• Inquiry (upon request from the host application)• ‘Wake-up’ signal transmitted by interrogator to all tags within
communication range• Tags enter ‘ready state’ awaiting command from interrogator • Interrogator initiates communications; listens for response from tags• Tag communicates with interrogator based on command received• Antennas receive modulated signal and transmit to reader• Reader decodes data• Results returned to host application
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>50
STEPStowardPRIVACYPROTECTION
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>51
Portal Applications
Bill of LadingMaterial Tracking
Number items at forklift speeds8’ X 10’ doorwaysElectronic receipt & dispatchWrong destination alertElectronic markingPallet/container item tracking
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>52
Conveyor / Assembly Line
Up to 450 fpm60+ items per containerInexpensive tunnelsLonger tunnel more itemsElectronic receiptSortingElectronic marking
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>53
Handheld ApplicationsHandheld Applications
Material HandlingInspecting / Maintaining
Wireless / BatchInventory Management
Where is it? What is it?What is inside the box?
Where is it going? Where has it been?Should it be here?
What have I assembled or disassembled?How many do I have? Do I have enough?
Has this been repaired?Is this under warranty?Has this been inspected?Is this complete? What is the asset’s status?
ASN Verification
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>54
Pet/Animal Tracking
ACCESS SECURITY
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>55
DoD In-Transit Visibility (ITV)
• Over 350 Nodes World-Wide• Tag is Interrogated as it Passes a Node• TRANSCOM Kits for Contingency Operation.
ITV Nodes ITV Server
433MHz Interrogation
433MHz Response with ID and/or Data (TAV Format) Source: US DoD
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>56
ITV Process
Container contains bar coded equipment
Manifest is written to tag and uploaded to server (TAV Format)
In TransitShipment ArrivesTag Manifest is
Read
Nodespick-up tag id
Information uploaded to ITV
server
Access to ITV Data via WebITV Server
Tag Location is Reported to Central
ITV Server
Source: US DoD
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>57
Bosnian ITV Capability
CROATIA
ITALY
HUNGARY
CZECHREPUBLIC
GERMANY
AUSTRIA NSE
ASG
xxxx
xxx
- JTAV/LAD
- RF Interrogators Installed
- RF Interrogators to be Installed
AIRTRUCK
RAIL
QUALCOMM Provides Visibility ofTruck Convoys & Rail MovementsData Passed to Paris Hub via SatelliteDispatch Stations Access Paris Hubvia Modem/Phone Line
NSE
Frankfurt International
Kaiserslautern
Tuzla
Prague
Tuzla APOD123rd FSB)
KaspovarTazar AirfieldInterrogators also installed at:
• Miesau• Germersheim• ERF• Baumholder• Bad Kreuznach• Baumholder Railhead• Weillerbach Railhead• Coleman Barracks Railhead
Data Passed via Phone Line to LOGSAWithin 15 Minutes of Reading Tag
All ALOC Shipments From NewCumberland & All Containers ShippedFrom USAREUR Are Tagged
Ramstein
Source: US DoD
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>58
Asset Tracking: Healthcare Example (Hospital)
Browser access to location data from anywhere in hospital
SiteServer
Hospital LANTagged Asset
Tag Readers(433MHz Receive)
Sign Post (132KHz Transmit)
Sign Post ID
Tag ID and Last Sign Post ID
(Up to 250 feet)
Range to 12 feet
802.11b WLANAccess Points
FIPS 140-2Firewall
Hand Held Device & ComputersWith Security Client
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>59
Asset Tracking: Ground Services Example (Airports)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>60
Tracking
HUMANS
OBJECTSOBJECTS
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>61
Short, simple, extensible code to uniquely identify
products and reference networked information.
(MIT) Auto ID Center - EPC Objective 1998
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>62
RFID Evolves
Store Data on the Tag
Reader
Database
DATABASE
Object Name Server
Proprietary RFID MIT Auto ID
Reader
EPC (unique ID)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>63
Open StandardsProprietaryTechnology
InexpensiveExpensiveCost
SCM-ERP system-wideClosed loopApplications
On the networkOn the tagData
Present/FutureAuto-ID
Past/Present Commercial RFID
RFID Evolution
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>64
ONS / PML
Reader
DSS Software
Antenna Antenna
EPC EPCUCC.EAN Alphanumeric string
Standards-based Auto-ID
PML – Physical Markup Language
ONS – Object Name Service
EPC – Electronic Product Code
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>65
EPC Objectives
Unique EPC should be a unique numbering scheme
Reference EPC should be used primarily as an information reference
Simple EPC should be a simple as possible and minimize information content
Internet EPC should be integrally coupled to Internet systems and protocols
Standards EPC should accommodate were possible legacy standards, systems and codes
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>66
Electronic Product CodeNaming Scheme for Physical Objects
Grains of rice13,000,000,000,000,000Razor blades20,000,000,000Televisions1,000,000,000Computers560,000,000Cars per year6,000,000
SubSub--componentscomponentsSpare PartsSpare PartsAssembliesAssembliesContainersContainers
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>67
128 bit EPC structure can incorporate IPv6 numbering scheme
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>68
EPC Vision ? RFID Reality Check ?
•More than 12 separate RFID EPC Trials in US•UK Home Office RFID Trial (2000-2003)•Germany, Japan, Singapore, UK RFID Trials•Gillette buys 500 million EPC RFID Alien tags•Wal*Mart suppliers to use EPC RFID tags by 2005•EPC Global to be managed by UCC.EAN•US DoD urges suppliers to use RFID tags by 2005 •How much of this is marketing hype ?
P
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>69
01.0203D2A.916E8B.0719BAE03C
Electronic Product CodeElectronic Product Code (EPC) 96 bits(EPC) 96 bits
Header Object ClassePC Manager Serial Number
no longer behind bars…Beyond Barcode
Header: 8 bits = 256
ePC Mgr: 28 bits = 268, 435,456
Object Class: 24 bits = 16,777,216
Serial Number: 36 bits = 68,719,476,736
268 million companies can each categorize 16 million different p268 million companies can each categorize 16 million different products roducts and each product category may contain over 68 billion individualand each product category may contain over 68 billion individual items !! items !!
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>70
Repository
HEINZHEINZKETCHUPKETCHUP
(98) 0614141999999
Repository
HEINZHEINZKETCHUPKETCHUP
01.0203D2A.916E8B.0719BAE03C
PastPast
NowNow
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>71
One who says it can’t be done is often interrupted by someone doing it ! Elbert Hubbard, 1856-1915
RFID tagged Gillette razors at TESCO Store (Cambridge, UK)
Source: Colin Cobain, CIO, TESCO (www.tesco.co.uk)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>72
• GIAI – Global Individual Asset Identifier
• GLN – Global Location Number
• SSCC – Serialized Shipping Container Code
• GTIN – Global Trade Item Number
• and now
• Global EPC – Global Electronic Product Code
EAN.UCC Keys to Data
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>73
96 bit EPC
Can uniquely number …
79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336
or about 8 x 1028 individual objects
or more than 1 million times all the grains of sand on earth!!
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>74
EPC Design
012
.
.
.
79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,33479,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,33579,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336
If only one number is used once …
One Big Database !!
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>75
Two numbers …
X.Y
Still somewhat large …
… 281,474,976,710,656
EPC Design
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>76
Three numbers
X.Y.Z
4,294,967,296 …
… about right ?
EPC Design
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>77
Version.X.Y.ZVersion.X.Y.Z
What if we add a version number ?
EPC Design
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>78
Version.X.Y.Z
Header
Domain Class
InstanceVersion
Manager Number Object Class
Serial Number
EPC Design
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>79
01.0203D2A.916E8B.0719BAE03C
Header 8 bits256
Domain 28 bits268,435,456
Class 24 bits16,777,216
Instance 36 bits68,719,476,736
96 bit EPC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>80
Universal Identifier (UI)
Domain Identifiers (DI)
EPC can embed other standards
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>81
Header (Company) Prefix Item Reference Serial Number8 37-20 7-24 36
Partition4
Object Type4
96 bit EPC
Application Identifier
ExtensionDigit
EAN.UCCCompany
Prefix
Check Digit
Serial Reference
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>82
Unassigned6,…, 15
Other5
Location4
Load/Pallet3
Case/Shipping Unit2
Inner pack1
Item/Customer Unit0
NameObject Type
96 bit EPC Object Type Codes
Object type 4 bits x Partition 4 bits = 16 types
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>83
16 Million7241 Million6206
1 Million62016 Million7245
131,072517128 Million8274
16,3844141 Billion9303
102431016 Billion10342
12827128 Billion11371
AddressDigitsBitsAddressDigitsBits
ClassManagerPartition
EPC Design
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>84
Header EPC Manager Item Reference Serial Number2 14 20 24
ObjectType4
4
16
16,384 1,048,576 16,777,216
Item Reference is identicalto the GTIN Item Reference
64 bit EPC Design
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>85
Source: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>86
Supply (?) Chain
Regional DC
Local DC
Manufacturer
Regional DC
Local DC
Local DC
Local DC
Retailer
Retailer
Retailer
Retailer
Retailer
Retailer
Retailer
Retailer
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>87
Information Flow
•Manual
•Slow
•Error prone
•Friction
•No value add
Data Entry
Manual CheckBar Codes
Material Flow
Supply Chain: Material vs Information Flow
DataData DataData
Manual CheckBar Codes
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>88
RFIDReader
RFIDReader
•Automated
•High integrity
•Fast
•Frictionless
Information Flow
Material Flow
Supply Chain Optimization: Real-Time Data
Illustration: Mark Dinning, DELL Corporation
ePCePC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>89
Procter&
GambleBOUNTY CASE PALLET MFG
FACTORY
MFGDISTRIBUTION
CENTER
Gillette Mach III CASE PALLET MFGFACTORY
MFG DCChicago IL
SAM'S CLUBTULSA
UnileverLIQUID ALL
&DOVE SOAP
CASE PALLET MFGFACTORY
MFG DCSAM'S CLUBKANSAS CITY
DC
KraftsFoods
CHEESE SLICES &
MACARONI & CHEESE
CASE PALLET MFGFACTORY
MFG DC WAL-MARTDC
BENTONVILLE
Johnson&
Johnson
FEMININEHYGENE CASE PALLET MFG
FACTORYMFG DC WAL-MART
TULSA
MFG SKUs CASE PALLETSKUs
MFGFACTORY
MFGDC
RETAILERDC
RETAILSTORE
MIT Auto ID Center “Town Test”
Source: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>90
PALLET
Procter&
GambleBOUNTY CASE PALLET
FACTORYCape
Girardeau Mo
MFG
DC
SAM'S CLUBKANSAS CITY
DC
SAM'S CLUBTULSA
MFG SKUs CASE PALLETSKUs
MFGFACTORY
MFGDC
RETAILERDC
RETAILER
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
High volume products in
pallets
Products with high volume at Sam's
Estimated 150 pallets per month
At manufacturer:Tag palletsWire 3 doorsWire 1 PML serverApplication software
Shipped directly from factory to retailer
At retailer wire:6 incoming doors2 transition doors1 DSD door2 shelves on retail floor1 PML serverApplication software
CHEP attaches tags for P&G pallets Pallet back to pool
VMI Note: P&G ships high vol products direct to WAL*MART
Tag and read pallets at mfg factory and/or DC:
Read pallets at Sam's Club through:
Incoming
Movement : staging area to retail floor
Pallet return to CHEP or disposal
400 RFID TAGS
30 READERS
2 PML SERVERS
MIT Auto ID Center Test : Phase One
Source: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>91
J&J DC KRAFT FOODS DC GILLETTE DC
WAL-MART FOOD DEPOTCLARKVILLE, AR
WAL-MART DEPOTBENTONVILLE, AR.
Warehouse Retail Floor Staging Area Retail Floor
Unit shelves on retailer's floor
Retailer's check out
SAM'S STORETULSA OKLAHOMA
SAM'S DEPOTKANSAS CITY
WAL-MART STORETULSA, OKLAHOMA
P&G MFG FACTORYCAPE GIRADEAU , MO
P&G DCUNILEVER DC
palletsCASES
UNITS
MIT Auto ID Center Test : Product Flow
Source: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>92
ONS on the net read via PML to translate EPC ONS on the net read via PML to translate EPC
Source: AutoID Center
Dumb chips with EPC, Smart net hosts ONS
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>93
EPC Network – The Building Blocks
EPCInformation
Service
Tags The data carrier. Identity number is programmed into the memory.
EPC
Connected to the chip. Could be traditional wire or coil or could be printed antennas using conductive inks.
ReaderThe data capture device; portable or fixed (installed), connected to a Savant or network.
SavantServers which act as local repositories for EPCs and associated information, and which support sophisticated, flexible middleware for serving PML queries.
The code carried by the carrier; the globally unique pointer for making inquiries about the item associated with EPC.
Antenna
ONS Object Name Service; the distributed resource that “knows”where information about EPCs is held (just like DNS).
Structure to allow structured querying and reporting concerning EPCs.
Source: EPC Global
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>94
4
Source: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>95
Slow Moving Barriers ?
increased chip size greater functionality
reduced functionality(networking & software)
reduced chip size(handling small chips)
Source: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>96
RFID: Low Cost ?
time
5
10
15
20
die
s ize
/ cos
t in
cent
s handling costSilicon: 4 US Cents/mm2
Source: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>97
1 cent
5 cents
25 cents
50 cents
Total Cost
2020 ???0.3cent0.1cent0.1cent0.5 cents
2010 ??1 cent1 cent1 cent2 cents
2003 ?
200120 cents5 cents5 cents20 cents
When ?PackagingAssemblyAntenna(IC) Chip
Smart Objects: Road to Ubiquitous Tagging?
Plastic PrintedPrinted on Objects
< 0.1 cents ?
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>98
Layers
Class V tags Readers. Can power other Class I, II and III tags;
Communicate with Classes IV and V.
Class IV tags: Active tags with
broad-band peer-to-peer communication
Class III tags:semi-passive RFID tags
Class II tags: passive tags with additional
functionality
Class 0/Class I:read-only passive tags
Upw
ard
com
patib
ility
Dow
nwar
d fa
ilsaf
e
Source: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>99
RFID Transponder : Tag
Source: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>100
Cheap Chip
100μm
Source: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>101
Cheap Chip ManufacturingSource: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>102
• Redirection Service – acts as telephone book in reverse– principle of Domain Name Service (DNS)
ONSSource: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>103
MDMMDM
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>104
• Language for describing physical objects– classification and categorization
PMLSource: AIDC
P
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>105
Industry Specific
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>106
Savant
Savant Savant
data readers machinessensors
Savant
Savant
“Store”
“Regional”
“National”
EPC OS: AIDC “Savant” (just another middleware)
Source: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>107
Data Storage
Class Server
Soap Interface
Query Processor 1
Query Processor 2
Query Processor n
Soap Query Soap Response
UpdateSchedules
RetrieveSchedules
Class ID
Class
Task Manager
EPC OS SoftwareSource: AIDC
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>108
Reader
Savant
PML Service(EPC Database)
ONS(cache)
•Capture Events Data (tag and sensors)
•Simple Filters
•Report Data
•Manage Readers
•Higher Level Filters
•Track and Trace Serial Items
•Referencing Business Transactions
•Object Type Data (e.g. pallet/case/item)
•Instance -level EPC data (e.g. expiry date)
•Fine -grained access control policy implementation
•Local copy of frequently -used ONS data
•Registration for static and dynamic ONS
•Collaboration on asset tracking
Filtered event data (optional)
event data
Databases(ERP..)
Additional data
queries
updates provides data topoints to
Enterprise
Application(s)
•Transmit ePC data using radio frequency
•Transmit sensor dataTag Tag Sensor
EPCs Temperature,...
EPC Network Architecture - Inside the Firewall
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>109
queries
updates provides data topoints to
Savant
PML Service(EPC Database)
ONS (cache)
Filtered event data (optional)
event dataInternal
DB(ERP)
Additional dataBusiness Transactions
Company A
PML AccessRegistry
Enterprise
Applications
Internal Database
(ERP)
Company B
Enterprise
Applications
Static ONS:• converts an EPC into an internet address to locate a PML ServiceDynamic ONS • provides means to locate current and previous EPC Custodians for the purpose of track and trace, recall etc.
•Web service interface describing the capabilities and data accessible through each PML service to trading partners.
ONS
EPC Network Architecture - Outside the Firewall
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>110
EPC in IMS
P
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>111
EPC in Retail
P
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>112
EPC in Theft Prevention
P
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>113
EPC in Drug Anti-Counterfeit
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>114
EPC in Healthcare Track & Trace
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>115
EPC in Waste Management
P
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>116
EPC in Patient Monitoring
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>117
Telemetry : RFID + Sensors
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>118
Telemetry – Shelf Life
• 76 million foodborne illness
• 1.8 million deaths worldwide
• 325,000 hospitalizations in US
• 5000 deaths in US
• 91 million tons of food disposed to landfills in US
• 26% of US food supply
• 824 million ‘hungry’ per year
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>119
ntTRE
QktQ g
a
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡−
−=∂∂ )(
1e
Variables
• Ea Activation energy• k1 Arrhenius constant• n Order of the reaction• T Temperature• Q Quality• t Time
Telemetry – Shelf Life
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>120
⎟⎟⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
−⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛−
=
tk
o
TgRaE
QtQe1
e)(
Telemetry – Shelf Life
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>121
++
Name: Food QualityDescription: Food Quality based ArrheniusDeveloper: Natick Army LaboratoriesID: EPC: 010300908808BF60000000AAComp: $0.25 per monthType: AnalyticRate: 1 to 10,000 secAlgorithm:
+
+
++
Food Quality
++
Name: Activation EnergyDescription: Activation EnergySymbol: EaAccess: ReadID: EPC: 010300908808BF6000000102Class: ScalarType: FloatUnit: m=2 kg=1 s=-2 u=-1Default: 25000.0
++
Name: Arrhenius ConstantDescription: Arrhenius ConstantSymbol: k1Access: ReadID: EPC: 010200908238760000023877Class: ScalarType: FloatUnit: s=-1Default: 0.002
++
Name: TemperatureDescription: TemperatureSymbol: TAccess: ReadID: EPC: 010200908238760000023877Class: ScalarType: FloatUnit: k=1Default: 286.0
++
Name: QualityDescription: Food QualitySymbol: QAccess: WriteID: EPC: 010200907ABC8 60000012875Class: ScalarType: FloatUnit: s=-1Default: 100.0
++
Name: Order of ReactionDescription: Order of ReactionSymbol: nAccess: ReadID: EPC: 01020084191000001289731Class: ScalarType: IntUnit:Default: 1
Telemetry – Shelf Life
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>122
T
n, k1, EaT
PML
Q ?
Telemetry – Shelf Life
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>123
RFID Temperature Sensor in US DoD MRE Simulation
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>124
RFID Monitoring Perishables (MRE Simulation)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>125
01010111010101010 0000000000000010 1010 01001000001001010101010010111111010
001000000000 00 1001 0101010 10010 10101000000000000000 1010 1 01010100 1 0 00001001010101 01001011111
INSPECT
DISPOSE
Class 1Assessment
RFID Monitoring Expiration Date (MRE Simulation)
DISPOSE
ISSUE
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>126
RFID : Current Issues
• Spatial capacity of 1 kbpsm2
• Continuous wavelength• Narrow dedicated spectrum• Data corruption by frequency collision• Passive transponders in manufacturing ?• Palet size vs passive tag range ?• Metal objects: spare parts ?• Universal standards ? (915MHz, 13.56MHz, 2.45GHz, 125KHz)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>127
PASSIVE ULTRAWIDEBANDSolution in Search of Problems ?
disruptive technology ? de facto global standard ?
TagArray (UC Berkeley)
Old Version: Active UWB from MSSI, Robert Fontana
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>128
AM Radio SW Radio Garage TV 2-6 FM Radio TV 7-13 TV 14-69 Cordless Ph
0.5 1.7 30 40 54 88 108 174 216 470 806 902
GPS Cell Ph BluTh, b/g 802.11a Satel TV
1.61.2 1.8 2.1 2.4
IC
5.0 5.8 10.7 12.5
MHz GHz
125 KHz 433 MHz 860-930 MHz 2.45 GHz13.56 MHz
U L T R A W I D E B A N D
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>129
Solution in Search of Problems ?
• Wide spectrum (>960 MHz, 3.1-10.6 GHz, 22-29 GHz) • Spatial capacity 1000 kbpsm2
• Power 200 mW (802.11b ~500mW; 802.11a ~2000mW)• Data 0.1 – 1.0 gbps2 (802.11b ~0.006gbps2 or 6mbps2 )• Contender for BlueTooth replacement• 600 picosecond bursts (avoids multipath interference) • UWB+GPS+RTLS : innovative combination ?• UWB + narrow-band is catalytic for passive UWB tags
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>130
Source: Robert Fontana
UWB Pulse
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>131
Less Power RequirementLess Power Requirement
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>132
Source: Intel & Robert Fontana
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>133
UWB RFID TechnologyUWB RFID Technology
UWB encodes information as pulse of RF energyTiming of pulses is used to relay information
Continuous wave RF modulates data signals over carrier waves.
UltrawideUltrawide band is carrierband is carrier--less RFless RFAmplitude Amplitude
Modulation (AM)Modulation (AM)Frequency Frequency
Modulation (FM)Modulation (FM)
tt
Low power requirements (low battery drain, lower health risks)Low cost transmitter design (no need for separate baseband + RF stages)30 foot radius coverage at 100Mbps (longer for lower data rates)Demonstrated ability to support very high data rates (100Mbps and beyond)Immunity to interference (from other devices and multipath signals)Inherit security at the signal level (UWB is very difficult to detect or defeat)Ability to acquire accurate location information (resolutions < 1 foot)
UWB Characteristics
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>134
WLAN Application
UWB 802.11ABluetooth 802.11B
Throughput
Range
Power
Resolution
~100 Mb 6-11 Mb35-54 Mb~700 Kb
40 mw 500 mw1-1.7W30 mw
0.01-10 km 100 m~100m10 m+
~1 ft NANANA
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>135
Floor Activity Simulation
UWB as LPS Indoor “GPS”
Track customer traffic flow after they pick up an itemTrack customer inspection of items even if they don’t buyCheck activity by display type (not just by dept)Measure wait times by cashier
Security Monitoring in Restricted Areas (Airports Operations) ?
Source: Intel
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>136
Powerline data transferOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
ATTH (AIT to the home)
Coasian analysis + VAR-GARCHTransaction cost economicsROI
-Frequency agnostic readers-Reader efficiencies
-Software Radio (SDR) Readers -OFDM
Widespread Adoption
Passive UWB tagsUltrawide band + narrow bandPervasive Use Cases
CommentsWhat’s needed
RFID Made Difficult ?
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>137
WiFi 802.11b, RFID BlueTooth, IPv6
WiFi 802.11b, RFID BlueTooth, IPv6
E merge
Data (information)WWW, Internet
Data (information)WWW, Internet GPS, Portals, Voice
Browsers
GPS, Portals, VoiceBrowsers
Un-WireUn-Wire
Data Information Semantic SupraNet
Data Information Semantic SupraNet
Multi-hop/nano SensorsAgents, Semantic Tags
Multi-hop/nano SensorsAgents, Semantic Tags
2010
Everything that computes also communicates and routes
Everything that communicates also computes and routes
Everything that routes also computes and communicates
Where are you?Where are you?dERP, Wearables
802.16, Mesh, UWB Locate, Process, Context
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>138
Emerging Computing TrendEmerging Computing Trend
year
log
(peo
ple
per c
ompu
ter)
Streaming Informationto/from Physical World
Number CrunchingData Storage
ProductivityInteractive
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>139
Emerging Computer Class
year
log
(peo
ple
per c
ompu
ter)
Mainframe
Minicomputer
Workstation
PCLaptop
PDA???
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>140
Roadmap for Electronic Devices (minus CAEN)(minus CAEN)
101 100 10-1102
104
106
108
Chi
p C
ompo
nent
s
Size (μ)
1010
1012
1018
1014
1016
10-2 10-3
Classical Age
Historical Trend
SIA Roadmap2010
CMOS
19952000
2005
1970
1980
1990
4oK
Quantum Age
77oK
295oK
Quantum State Switch
Source: Horst Simon, LBL
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>141
INTERNETINTERNET
SOURC E
INTELDot 01Sensor
“Unwired” Sensor NetWireless MultiWireless Multi--hop Broadcast Meshhop Broadcast Mesh
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>142
INTERNETINTERNET
Database
Processed Data QUERY
SOURC E
INTELDot 01Sensor
“Unwired” Sensor NetWireless MultiWireless Multi--hop Broadcast Meshhop Broadcast Mesh
Application
INFO
RM
AT
ION
QUERY
QU
ER
Y
in-network processing
802.15.4ZigBee
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>143
MIT Project OxygenEmerging network nodes may be billions of embedded devices generating exabytes of data per second but is that information?
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>144
Context-Aware Computing
Network
Processing+
communication
Processing+
communication
Processing+
communicationProcessing
+communication
LocationRFID, UWB, GPS
Sensors
ActuatorsD2B
Resourceinformation
EnvironmentalContext
• Human-centric– “Finding” applications
• Embedded– Sensors & Actuators– Devices– Monitoring & Control
Source: Hari Balakrishnan, MIT LCS & EECS
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>145
Context-aware Services (Service Supply Chain)(Service Supply Chain)
• Zero configuration• Context-aware, speech-driven, location-based (CRICKET location system)• Resource discovery and secure info (INS Intentional Naming System)• Unconstrained, adaptive mobility (routing) to capture network context (MIGRATE)
Source: Hari Balakrishnan, MIT LCS & EECS
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>146
Beacons(ceiling)
B
θSPACE=NE43-510ID=34COORD=146 272 0http://cricket.lcs.mit.edu
Project Oxygen: CRICKET
H21
Source: Hari Balakrishnan, MIT LCS & EECS
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>147
Ultrasonic sensor AntennaRF module (rcv)
Atmel processor
Listener Beacon
RF module (xmit)
RS232 i/f
MIT CRICKET PROTOTYPESource: Hari Balakrishnan, MIT LCS & EECS
MOTES
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>148
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>149
Context-aware Resource Discovery : INS• Services advertise-register resources• Consumers make queries for services• System matches services and consumers
Problem: naming systems name by (network) locationsNames should refer to what (not where)Use expressive language (XML)[service = camera]
[building = NE43[room = 510]
Intentional Name
image
Lookup
camera510.lcs.mit.edu
Resolverself-configuration
Source: Hari Balakrishnan, MIT LCS & EECS
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>150
Deeply Embedded Networks
• # nodes >> # people• sensor/actuator data• unattended, inaccessible• prolonged deployment• energy constrained• operate in aggregate• in-network processing• dynamic functions• network programmable
Source: David Culler, University of California at Berkeley and INTEL Research Lab at UC Berkeley
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>151
Vast Networks of Tiny Devices
• Internet built around dedicated devices carefully configured and stable– high-power wireless subnets, 1-1 communication between named computers
HERE ……..• every little node is potentially a router• work together in application specific ways• collections of data defined by attributes• connectivity is highly variable• must self-organize to manage topology, routing, etc• for power savings, radios may be off most of the time
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>152
http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/article.cgi/nalefd/2004/4/i09/pdf/nl049080l.pdf
NanoLetters (2004) 4 1785-1788A Conducting Polymer Nanojunction Sensor for Glucose DetectionErica S. Forzani, Haiqian Zhang, Larry A. Nagahara, Ishamshah Amlani, Raymond Tsui and Nongjian TaoDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Center for Solid State Electronics ResearchArizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA and The Microelectronics and Physical Sciences Laboratory, Motorola, Tempe, Arizona, USA
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>153
Sensor Network @ Work
Light, Temp, Humidity, Barometer, Passive IR
www.greatduckisland.net
Source: David Culler, INTEL Research Lab at UC Berkeley
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>154
Open Platform
Small microcontroller
- 8 kb code, 512 B data
Simple, low-power radio
- 10 kb
EEPROM storage (32 KB)
Simple sensors
WeC 99“Smart Rock”
Mica 02
128 KB code, 4 KB data
50 KB radio, 512 KB Flash
Rene 00
Designed for experimentation
-sensor boards
-power boards
Dot 01
DARPADARPA DARPAINTEL
www.tinyos.net
Source: David Culler, INTEL Research Lab at UC Berkeley
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>155
In-network Processing in Network of “Motes”• Ad hoc sensor field of nodes• Each node knows only its own location (node id)• Neighborhood discovery (learns of “neighbors” and their locations)• Local Processing (light)
TinyDB
Topology
Source: David Culler, INTEL Research Lab at UC Berkeley and David Tennenhouse, INTEL Research
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>156
Wide-Area Broad-Coverage Services
Traditional Point-to-Point Internet EmbeddedNetworks
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>157
TinyOS Users
• US DoD• ALTARUM• BAE SYSTEMS• VIGILANZ SYSTEMS• PHILIPS• FRANCE TELECOM • INTEL• GE• GRAVITON• HONEYWELL• HP• BOSCH• SIEMENS• XEROX
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>158
InIn--operation Sensoroperation Sensor--based Monitoring for Diagnostics and Predictive Maintenancebased Monitoring for Diagnostics and Predictive Maintenance
• Trains pass sensor points at 80 mph• Predicts ‘if’ & ‘type’ bearing failure (>97% accuracy)
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04t
Track basedmicrophone
Sensor DataSensor Data
ClusteringNeural Nets
Decision TreesState Transitioning
Smart Maintenance Intelligent Diagnostics
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>159
• Trains pass sensor points at 80 mph• Predicts ‘if’ & ‘type’ bearing failure (>97% accuracy)
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04t
Track basedmicrophone
Sensor DataSensor Data
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>160
Product Design :
Agent-based Optimization from Sensor Data in Semiconductor Wafer Fabrication
Optimize cell temperature in order to optimize for desired refractive index.
0.5 1
1.5 2
2.5 3
3.5 4
4.5 5
5.5 0.000
0.6330.0010.010.1
110
1001000
10000100000
Erro
r
n2
k2
Optimize growing semiconductor films with ellipsometer sensor.
FilmSubstrate
Incident Reflected
d
film thickness
φ1
φ0
circular polarized lightelliptically polarized light
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>161
RFID Linked Biometrics & Nano-sensor Net
Blood Glucose Nano-sensors
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>162
Actions
Sensing
Model
Action Plan= Procedure
Patientat home care
Intelligent Real Time
Healthcare for Independent Living: Sense, then, RespondReducing the Cost of Old Age ?
Harvard-MIT Center for Integrated Medicine and Information Technology
Patient Specific
Framework withdecision support
Precision Remote Controlled
Real-time micro-statusnetworked, mobile
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>163
Confluence of Technologies
Embedded Systems
MEMS
Many devices monitor andinteract with physical world
Exploit spatial & temporalcoupling to physical world
Small, untethered processing,Storage and control
Mass-produced, low-power,short range, sensors & actuators
Networking
Coordinate, perform higher-level tasks
Self-organized, power-awarecommunication
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>164
The White House said the increased technology spending – mentioned by President Clintonduring last week's State of the Union address –could be used, for example, to create "intelligent agents" that roam the Internet collecting data.
AP News Service, 24 January 1999
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>165
Inference Technique
Forward Chaining
Pattern Matching
Key Feature
Data driven
Fires upon matching of set of criteria
Monitoring
Truth Maintenance (Retraction)
Exception handling and alarms
“What-if” reasoning
Dynamic Inferencing Scenario-based business rules
Backward Chaining Goal driven
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>166
INSURANCEINSURANCE
Point-of-Sale Underwriting
Claims Processing
Renewal Processing
Intelligent Policy Configuration and
Pricing
Eligibility Determination
Cross Selling
Fraud Detection
GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
Welfare Eligibility Determination
Regulatory Compliance
Tax Assessment
Entitlements and Benefits
Determination
Pension Plan Forecasting
Worker’s Compensation Claims
BANKING/ BANKING/ FINANCEFINANCE
MANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURING
Online MortgageUnderwriting
Credit Scoring
Portfolio Management
Cross Selling
Fraud Detection
Overdraft Authorization
SEC Regulatory Compliance
Risk Management
Transportation
Retail
Petroleum/ Oil & Gas
Health Care
Telecom
Pharmaceutical
Utilities
Parts Selection
Order Configuration
Production Planning/Routing
Production Scheduling
Maintenance and Labor Scheduling
Material Safety Data Sheets
Distribution Management
OTHER INDUSTRIESOTHER INDUSTRIES
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>167
IntuitionLogic
Rules
Inferencing
Rules-Based Systems
PatternRecognition
Association
Adaptive Pattern Recognition• Prediction Models
- Classification – data reduction- State-transition prediction - Recipe: given an input set, predict the outcome- Quality of Models- Measures for False Positives and False Negatives- Rank importance level of each input to the outcome- Principal Component Analysis – dimension reduction- Decision tree: transform relationships into rules- Global optimization- Statistical summaries/correlations
• Adaptive to changing environments • Able to deal with complex problems• Unlimited in the number of metrics that can be modeled• Accommodates both linear and non-linear relationships• Data driven – avoid human bias
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>168
Input dataInput data
Input dataInput data
Input dataInput data
Input dataInput data
Input dataInput data
Input dataInput data
Future EventFuture EventPredictionPrediction
State Transitioning
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>169
INPUTINPUT
Neuron: Non-linear Transfer Function
OUTPUTOUTPUT
Input dataInput dataInput dataInput dataInput dataInput data
OutcomeOutcomeOutcomeC a
use
Effe
ct
Patterns & RelationshipsPatterns & Relationships
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>170
CauseCause
EffectEffect
Training AlgorithmWeight
adjustment
Input dataInput dataInput dataInput dataInput dataInput data
OutcomeOutcomeOutcome
TrainingTrainingPredictionPrediction• Anticipate component failure• Replace part prior to failure• Preventive maintenance plan• Improve customer response• Reduce repair cycles• Support performance metrics• Better identify causes of problems• Learn to adapt to the environment
OutcomeOutcomeOutcome
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>171
CauseCause
EffectEffect
Training / LearningAlgorithm
Weight
adjustment
Input dataInput dataInput dataInput dataInput dataInput data
OutcomeOutcomeOutcome
PredictionPrediction• Anticipate component failure• Replace part prior to failure• Preventive maintenance plan• Improve customer response• Reduce repair cycles• Support performance metrics• Better identify causes of problems• Learn to adapt to the environment
OutcomeOutcomeOutcome
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>172
LEARNLEARN
AUTONOMOUSAUTONOMOUS
COOPERATECOOPERATE
Smart AgentsSmart Agents
Collaborative Learning AgentsCollaborative Learning Agents
Collaborative AgentsCollaborative AgentsInterface AgentsInterface Agents
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>173
Advances in data routing emerging from study of Ants
Ant–based algorithms developed from swarm intelligence
X
A
PheromonePheromone
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>174
Advances in data routing emerging from study of Ants
Ant–based algorithms developed from swarm intelligence
X
A
PheromonePheromone
XA
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>175
X
A
A
A
X
X
Adaptive ?Adaptive ?
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>176
Replenishment Planning
Smart Shelf(RFID)
Interface AgentLow Inventory AlertLow Inventory Alert
File Sender
Actual Inventory
Planned & Actual Inventory
Planned Consumption & Replenishment
Planned Inventory
Filters, Logic
ERP DW
Backorder
PortalPortal
Inventory Early Warning Agent
Illustration: SAP AG
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>177
Smart Planning with Intelligent Objects
Distribution Center
Distribution Center
Distribution Center
Distribution Center
Store 1Store 1
Store 2Store 2
Store 3Store 3
Store n
PlantPlant
MANUFACTURER
RETAILER
3 days2 days
X days ?
Y days ?
REPLENISHMENT
RFID Data
Inventory
Consumption
AGENT
Information Agent
0
50
100
AGENT
Inventory Early Warning Agent
EVENT
ACTION
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>178
Data Agents collect ►DataMonitoring Agent triggers ►AlertInventory Management Agent executes ►Substitution
M2 can be substituted for SKU M1
Inventory of M2 is 2000
OOS Danger
Less chance of a stockout with substitution via agent actions
(M1 & M2)
Multi-Agent System
Source: SAP AG
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>179
Core Engine
Encapsulations of Application Logic (OR algorithms), Agents, DatEncapsulations of Application Logic (OR algorithms), Agents, Data, Context, Process Semanticsa, Context, Process Semantics
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>180
AAAA
AA
AAAA
ERPERP
““Personal AssistantPersonal Assistant””AgentsAgents
Agents as Agents as IntelligentInterface ManagersInterface Managers
AgentAgent--toto--AgentAgentCommunicationCommunication
AgentsAgents““behind the scenesbehind the scenes””
InterInter--applicationapplicationCommunicationCommunication
Web of Agents ? Web of Agents ?
Semantic TagsSemantic Tags –– SL TagsSL Tags
Adaptive ?Adaptive ?
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>181
Difference Engines Difference Engines (1950)
Source: Marvin Minsky, AI Lab, MIT
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>182
Source: From Neurons to the Brain
Basic Neural Circuits
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>183
8 8 Agents
8 corners of larger cube8 Agents repeated 8 times
8 corners of this cube1 corner = 1 Agent8 Agents connected
== 512512
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>184
512512 512512
512512
512512
512512512512
512512Agents interconnectedAgents interconnected
8 X 512 = 40968 X 512 = 4096
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>185
Repeat this cube-on-cube pattern 10 times (10 steps).
Supercube (810 = 1, 073,741,824) will contain over 1 billion Agents.
Each Agent in the original smallest cube (of 8 Agents) cancommunicate with 1 billion Agents (sources, variables) in 10 steps.
Link each Agent to 50 other Agents:Each Agent communicates with >15 billion Agents in 6 steps (506).
CocaCola can monitor nearly each RFID tagged unit case of its product. Real-time data can be collected by an Agent (Agency) in mere 6 steps for analysis (inventory, distribution, storage, transit, temperature). In 2004, CocaCola produced 19.8 billion unit cases.
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>186
Model
Distributed Agent Based Models
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>187
Distributed Agent Based Models
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>188
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>189
Where Artificial Intelligence Meets Natural Stupidity !!Where Artificial Intelligence Meets Natural Stupidity !!
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>190
Adaptive Adaptive AutonomicAutonomic
Autonomic Agent Architecture
Source: IBM Systems Journal 41 368 (2002)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>191
XML Core
XML eXtensions
Languages and Open Standards
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>192
1969 General Markup Language (GML) - Charles Goldfarb, Ed Mosher, Ray Lorie
1971 Document Type Definition (DTD)
1975 Document Composition Facility (DCF)
1978 Standard General Markup Language (SGML) ANSI Initiative
1983 SGML Computer Graphics Association (CGA)
1986 SGML - International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
1989 HyperText Markup Language (HTML) - Tim Berners-Lee, CERN
1993 HTML Browser Mosaic - Marc Andreessen National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) University of Illinois
1996 eXtensible Markup Language (XML)World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Initiative
1998 eXtensible Markup Language (XML)World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
1999 XML-based Physical Markup Language (PML)RFID Object Description Language (AIDC, MIT)
2003 Ontology Working Language (OWL) DAML + OILDARPA Agent Markup Language + Ontology Inference Layer
Languages
Compiled by: David Brock
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>193
Development
• Individuals
• Academia
• Corporations
• Industry Consortia
• Government
• International Organizations
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>194
Explosion ……4MLAMLAMLAMLAMLAMLAMLABMLABMLACMLACMLACAPACS X12ADMLAECMAFMLAGMLAHMLAIMLAIMLAIFAL3ANMLANNOTEAANATMLAPMLAPPMLAQLAPPELARMLARMLASMLASMLASTMARMLARMLASML
ARMLARMLASMLASMLASTMATMLATMLATMLATMLAWMLAXMLAXMLAXMLAXMLBMLBMLBMLBMLBMLBMLBannerMLBCXMLBEEPBGMLBHTMLBIBLIOMLBIOMLBIPSBizCodesBLM XMLBPMLBRMLBSMLBCXMLBEEPBGMLBHTML
BiblioMLBCXMLBEEPBGMLBHTMLBIBLIOMLBIOMLBIPSBizCodesBLM XMLBPMLBRMLBSMLCMLxCMLCaXMLCaseXMLxCBLCBMLCDACDFCDISCCELLMLChessGMLChordMLChordQLCIMCIMLCIDSCIDXxCILCLTCNRPComicsMLCIMCIMLCIDS
CIDXxCILCLTCNRPComicsMLCovad xLinkCPLCP eXchangeCSSCVMLCWMICycMLDMLDAMLDaliMLDaqXMLDASDASLDCMIDOIDeltaVDIG35DLMLDMMLDocBookDocScopeDoD XMLDPRLDRIDSMLDSDDXSEMLEMLDLMLEADebXML
eBIS-XMLECMLeCoEcoKnowedaXMLEMSAeosMLESMLETD-MLFieldMLFINMLFITSFIXMLFLBCFLOWMLFPMLFSMLGMLGMLGMLGXMLGAMEGBXMLGDMLGEMLGEDMLGENGeoLangGIMLGXDGXLHy XMHITISHR-XMLHRMMLHTMLHTTPL
HTTP-DRPHumanMLHyTimeIMLICMLIDEIDMLIDWGIEEE DTDIFXIMPPIMS GlobalInTMLIOTPIRMLIXMLIXRetailJabberXMLJDFJDoxJECMMJLifeJSMLJSMLJScoreMLKBMLLACITOLandXMLLEDESLegalXMLLife DataLitMLLMMLLogMLLogMLLTSC XMLMAML
MatMLMathMLMBAMMISMLMCFMDDLMDSI-XMLMetaruleMFDXMIXMMLLMMLMMLMMLMoDLMOSMPMLMPXMLMRMLMSAMLMTMLMTMLMusicXMLNAMLxNALNAA AdsNavy DTDNewsMLNMLNISO DTBNITFNLMXMLNVMLOAGISOBIOCFODF
ODRLOeBPSOFXOILOIMOLifEOMLONIX DTDOOPMLOPMLOpenMathOffice XMLOPMLOPXOSDOTAPMLPMLPMLPMLPMLPMLPMLPMLPMLPMLPMLPMLPMLPMLPMLPMLP3PPDMLPDXPEF XMLPetroMLPGMLPhysicsMLPICSPMMLPNMLPNMLPNGPrintML
PrintTalkProductionMLPSLPSIQMLQAMLQuickDataRBACRDDlRDFRDLRecipeMLRELAXRELAX NGREXMLREPMLResumeXMLRETMLRFMLRightsLangRIXMLRoadmOPSRosettaNet PIPRSSRuleMLSMLSMLSMLSMLSAMLSABLESAE J2008SBMLSchemtronSDMLSearchDM-XMLSGML
SHOESIFSMMLSMBXMLSMDLSDMLSMILSOAPSODLSOXSPMLSpeechMLSSMLSTMLSTEPSTEPMLSVGSWAPSWMSSyncMLTMLTMLTMLTalkMLTaxMLTDLTDMLTEIThMLTIMTIMTMMLTMXTPTPAMLTREXTxLife
UMLUBLUCLPUDDIUDEFUIMLULFUMLSUPnPURI/URLUXFVMLvCalendarvCardVCMLVHGVIMLVISA XMLVMMLVocMLVoiceXMLVRMLWAPWDDXWebMLWebDAVWellMLWeldingXMLWf-XMLWIDLWITSMLWorldOSWSMLWSIAXMLXML CourtXML EDI
XML FXML KeyXMLifeXML MPXML NewsXML RPCXML SchemaXML SignXML QueryXML P7CXML TPXMLVocXML XCIXAMLXACMLXBLXSBELXBNXBRLXCFFXCESXchartXdeltaXDFXFormsXGFXGLXGMMLXHTMLXIOPXLFXLIFFXLinkXMIXMSGXMTPXNS
Compiled by: David Brock
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>195
Systems 2000
Adaptive Mobile eXtended Decision Systems 2020
TOOLSTOOLS
OR and Game TheoryLanguagesDistributed Artificial IntelligenceAutonomous AgentsSemantic WebGrid ComputingSimulationStreaming DatabaseClockspeed
DATA MOBILITYDATA MOBILITY
802.11b / WiFi802.11a, 802.11g, 802.16BlueToothMesh NetworksUltrawideband (UWB)Sensors (MEMS NEMS)GPS / RTLSIPv6, 4GRadio Frequency Identification
C O
N V E R
G E N
C E
C O
N V E R
G E N
C E
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>196
VMI ≈ JTID
• Vendor Managed Inventory (P&G)• Just-in-Time Distribution (Barilla)
Process names, context of words and their meanings, usage,differs with country, industry and host of other factors thatmay not be standardized reflecting one universal description.
SEMANTICS Adaptive ?Adaptive ?ProcessProcessContext Context
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>197
Relationships
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>198
Tim BernersTim Berners--LeeLeeSemantic Web Semantic Web
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>199www.w3c.org
Semantic Web BusSemantic Web Bus
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>200
SimulationSimulation
DML
DMP
ADP ADL
Host
ADP
DMP
•DML Data Modeling Language•ADL Automated Decision Language•DMP Data Modeling Protocol•ADP Automated Decision Protocol
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>201
Applications
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>202
Applications
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>203
Applications
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>204
Network
Past
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>205
Network + Data
Present
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>206
Network + Data + ModelsNetwork + Data + Models
Future ?
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>207
Distributed Interactive Simulation“A Template for Distributed Modeling”
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>208
Data Modeling Language (DML)
Model
Input Output
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>209
Data Modeling Language (DML)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>210
DMP DMP
Data Modeling Protocol (DMP)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>211
Input Command
Output Command
Automated Decision Language (ADL)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>212
Automated Decision Protocol (ADP)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>213
ADP
ADP
Automated Decision Protocol (ADP)
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>214
DATA
Architecture Standards Models Hardware Software Applications
Extract Intelligence from Real-Time Data to Feed (information) Processes
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>215
Model
Data Models
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>216
Model
Data Models
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>217
Data Models
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>218
value network complexity
need
for s
tand
ard
The more complex the network, the greater the need for standards.
Standards
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>219
Data Modeling Languages and ProtocolsDML – Data Modeling LanguageDMP – Data Modeling Protocol
Data Control Languages and ProtocolsADL – Automatic Decision LanguageADP – Automatic Decision Protocol
Standards: Data Project
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>220
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An Analogy from Quantum PhysicsAn Analogy from Quantum Physics
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Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>223
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Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>224
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Young’s Double Slit ExperimentYoungYoung’’s Double Slit Experiment with Electronss Double Slit Experiment with Electrons
Dr. Akira Tonomura, Hitachi Research Laboratories
Shoumen Datta, MIT Forum for Supply Chain Innovation, School of Engineering <[email protected]>225