Download - MORE FOSSIL FUEL
![Page 1: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MORE FOSSIL FUEL
What is burned by cars late at night?
midnight oil
![Page 2: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OILCrude Oil (petroleum): sludgelike mix of
different hydrocarbons. Formed below ground
Oil refineries: separate crude oil into gasoline and other products
![Page 3: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
HYDRO CARBONS
•Methane
•Ethane
•Propane
•Butane
•Octane (gasoline)
•Diesel
![Page 4: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Balance equations for each hydrocarbon on
previous slide
• hydrocarbon + oxygen gas --> carbon dioxide + water
• example: 1 CH4 + 2 O2 --> 1 CO2 + 2 H2O
• Build models for the reactants of any two equations except methane. Sketch & label. Rearrange models to make products for same equations. Sketch & label
![Page 5: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
SOME OIL HISTORYSurface tar used ~4000 years ago
Modern extraction started in 1859 in Pennsylvania
Today, oil is the most-used fuel worldwide
1st oil wellDrake Well
Titusville, PA
![Page 6: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SAVE THE WHALES
Take notes: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
![Page 7: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
OIL DRILLINGLiquid oil found in pores in underground rock layers.
Oil is extracted using a pressure differential.
Gusher: oil naturally under pressureAs more oil is removed, it becomes harder
to extract.
PRIMARY EXTRACTION: initial extraction of available oil
SECONDARY EXTRACTION: forcing oil out by pumping liquid or gas into rock
![Page 8: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1970’s Energy Crisis
•Petroleum production in U.S. peaked in 1960’s, worldwide peaked in 1970’s
•1973 Oil Crisis caused by the Arab Oil Embargo
•1979 Energy Crisis caused by the Iranian Revolution
![Page 9: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1973Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) placed an embargo on oil exports for any country
supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War. Japan &
European allies tried to separate themselves from U.S.
OPEC also raised prices.
![Page 10: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
After Iranian Revolution,
exports were reduced, causing prices to go up.
~4% reduction in production worldwide.
Widespread panic drove prices even
higher.
![Page 11: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
LESSONS LEARNED FROM 1970’S?Creation of Strategic Petroleum Reserves
(SPRs). In U.S. about 4.1 billion barrels are held.Development of hybrid
enginesNational speed limit of 55 mph
Department of Energy was created
National Energy Act of 1978 - directed at conservation. (Grants for weatherizing, using
alternate energy sources, etc.)Daylight saving time
implementedBuilding of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, Alaska
![Page 12: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Pump Stations$8 x 109+800 miles
![Page 13: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Fractional Distillation
![Page 15: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Some Products made with petroleum
![Page 16: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
OIL PRODUCERS / %OIL PRODUCERS / % OIL CONSUMERS / %OIL CONSUMERS / %
Saudi Arabia / 13.1% USA / 24.15
Russia / 12.3% China / 9.05
USA / 8.0% Japan / 6.0%
Iran / 5.4% Russia / 3.3%
China / 4.7%Germany & India / 3.2%
eachBP Statistical Review of World
Energy, 2007
![Page 17: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
HOW MUCH OIL IS LEFT? HOW LONG WILL IT
LAST?
Proven reserves - to - production ratio = total remaining reserves divided by the annual rate
of production
Peak Oil Production - Hubbert predicted 1970 for USA
2010 WORLDWIDE ESTIMATE1400 Gigabarrels / 29Gigabarrels/year
=~48 yrsbut . . .
these number change.Why?
![Page 18: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
OIL POLLUTION ACT1990
•PROVIDES AUTHORITY FOR EPA TO RESPOND TO OIL SPILLS
•Response to the Exxon Valdez spill
![Page 20: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
NOTABLE SPILLS
•GULF WAR, 1991, KUWAIT
•RETREATING IRAQI FORCES OPENED VALVES OF WELLS & PIPELINES TO SLOW AMERICAN TROOPS
![Page 21: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
IXTOC 1 1979
•BAY OF CAMPECHE, MEXICO
•WELL COLLAPSED AFTER AN ACCIDENTAL EXPLOSION
![Page 22: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ATLANTIC EMPRESS
•WEST INDIES
•1979
•2 FULL SUPERTANKERS COLLIDED IN CARIBBEAN SEA
![Page 23: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
DEEPWATER HORIZON
(BP OIL SPILL)•2010
•GULF OF MEXICO
•LARGEST MARINE SPILL
•~53,000 BARRELS PER DAY FOR 3 MONTHS (4.9 X 106 BARRELS)
![Page 24: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
EXXON VALDEZ1989
•Full tanker ran aground
•Largest in U.S. waters until the BP spill
•Notable not because of size of spill, but for damage to a remote, pristine, fragile ecosystem and efforts to clean and protect habitat for salmon, sea otters, seals, seabirds, etc.)
![Page 25: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
NATURAL GASmostly methane
(CH4)
FORMED IN TWO WAYS . . .Biogenic - shallow depths by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter by bacteria.Thermogenic - formed at deep depths where geothermal heating separates hydrocarbons from organic matter
![Page 26: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
PRODUCTION & USERussia produces most
USA uses most What happened after the 1970’s
crisis?
TAPS completed.
![Page 28: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
PRODUCTION & USE
USA uses most. Who?
Losses = energy consumed by generation, transmission of
electricity
![Page 29: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
OTHER FOSSIL FUELS
Tar sands - dense oily substances that can be minedShale oil - sedimentary rock filled with organic matter that was not buried deep enough to form oilMethane hydrates - gas trapped or dissolved in ice formed in deep-sea sediments
PROS? CONS? TAKE NOTES
![Page 31: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking)Technique used to release
natural gas & petroleum from rock formations.
RESEARCH: METHODS, PROS, CONS, LAWSNotes:
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________
![Page 33: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION
AIR POLLUTIONDRIVE CLIMATE CHANGE
CHANGES BALANCE OF CARBON CYCLE
WATER POLLUTION from acid deposition, runoff & oil spills
(more on these to come)
![Page 35: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
So does it matter the source of the
fuel used to generate electricity?
![Page 36: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
RESEARCHCOMBUSTION OF OIL, NATURAL GAS & COAL
PROS OF EACH________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CONS OF EACH________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
![Page 37: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ENERGY CONSERVATION
practice of reducing use to extend nonrenewable
resources and reduce environmental impact
COGENERATIONincrease efficiency of
power plants by capturing excess heat.
![Page 38: MORE FOSSIL FUEL](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56813d5f550346895da72a3a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
LABS - Due_____•Bitumen from Oil Sands
RESEARCH & PRESENT
Due_______ANWR DebateExxon Valdez
Nigeria, Bonga Field2011 Yellowstone River Oil Spill
Deepwater HorizonGulf War Spill