Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Acoustics vol. 22, (2001)
MONITORING METODS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE
Jolanta IGNAC-NOWICKA·
Tadeusz PUSTELNY··
• Department nf Environment and Safety Management, Silt::siall Uuivl;:rsilY ofTl;:chuology
Zabrze, 26·28 Roosvelta Str. [email protected](;e.pl
•• Department of Oploeleclronics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, 2 Krzywoustego Str. e-mail:[email protected]
171
In Ihe ar/icle nitrogen dioxide deleclioll methods are presented. Par/lcu/ar/y. Ihe ideas
oj methods based on suiface ocouslic wave propagation in layered Slructures mul
p}lOlOacousfic method as welI as I}Je p/osmoli resonO/lee melhod are disclIssed. Advalllages
described methods and their measuremellt possibililies are Q/wlysed. Methods reeommended
by lhe Polish Standard are deseribed, too. Device.f JUS! uwd in nitmgpn tlinrid .. monitoring.
their eonSlruelioll and principIe oj an operation are disellsselJ. Examples of cummercial
solwian offhis kind ofgas deleclors are shOWIl.
Keywords: surface acoustic wave propagation, dioxidc nitrogen detections, photoacoustie gas
monitoring, the plasmon resonance
1.INTRODUCTION.
Nitrogen oxides are very toxic substances and their prescnce in air impend over peoplc
lnd environment. In Poland, measurements and inspections of nitrogen oxides by Pa!ish
Standard ware regulated 11.2.3]. f\itrogen dioxide control at the workstands are regulatcd by
Order ol Minister ol Work and Socia! Politic [4j. and in natura! environmcnt - by Order af
Minister or Environment Protection and Natura! Resources [51. In the wark [6J
methoclological and legaj basis of the toxie glses monitoring and an influence of nitric oxides
on the environment and health people have been presented. On the base of Ihis nonnalive and
lawful conditions many devices were elaborated, which can be used for alr monitoring al
workslands and for using of air ambient monitoring. Measurement methods of gases (also
nilrogen oxides) described in Polish Standard are pennissible ones for adjudication using
Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Acoustics vol. 22, (2001)
MONITORING METODS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE
Jolanta IGNAC-NOWICKA·
Tadeusz PUSTELNY··
• Department nf Environment and Safety Management, Silt::siall Uuivl;:rsilY ofTl;:chuology
Zabrze, 26·28 Roosvelta Str. [email protected](;e.pl
•• Department of Oploeleclronics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, 2 Krzywoustego Str. e-mail:[email protected]
171
In Ihe ar/icle nitrogen dioxide deleclioll methods are presented. Par/lcu/ar/y. Ihe ideas
oj methods based on suiface ocouslic wave propagation in layered Slructures mul
p}lOlOacousfic method as welI as I}Je p/osmoli resonO/lee melhod are disclIssed. Advalllages
described methods and their measuremellt possibililies are Q/wlysed. Methods reeommended
by lhe Polish Standard are deseribed, too. Device.f JUS! uwd in nitmgpn tlinrid .. monitoring.
their eonSlruelioll and principIe oj an operation are disellsselJ. Examples of cummercial
solwian offhis kind ofgas deleclors are shOWIl.
Keywords: surface acoustic wave propagation, dioxidc nitrogen detections, photoacoustie gas
monitoring, the plasmon resonance
1.INTRODUCTION.
Nitrogen oxides are very toxic substances and their prescnce in air impend over peoplc
lnd environment. In Poland, measurements and inspections of nitrogen oxides by Pa!ish
Standard ware regulated 11.2.3]. f\itrogen dioxide control at the workstands are regulatcd by
Order ol Minister ol Work and Socia! Politic [4j. and in natura! environmcnt - by Order af
Minister or Environment Protection and Natura! Resources [51. In the wark [6J
methoclological and legaj basis of the toxie glses monitoring and an influence of nitric oxides
on the environment and health people have been presented. On the base of Ihis nonnalive and
lawful conditions many devices were elaborated, which can be used for alr monitoring al
workslands and for using of air ambient monitoring. Measurement methods of gases (also
nilrogen oxides) described in Polish Standard are pennissible ones for adjudication using
172 Ignac-Nowicka J, Pustelny T
about air stale in a work environmcnt by agencies entitled 10 il, such as Sanitaria!
Epidemiologieal Stations. These methods are moslly chemical ones and for Ihis reason they
are lime consuming and often troublesomc in praclical application. Thcre is research necessity
or new mcasurement methods, which will bring new possibility or technical solulions oC the
nilric oxides monitoring.
Betwccn widc SpeclrUffi or physical-chemical measurcmcnl melhods [fl] łhN!" are
many methods, which can be used for toxic gascs monitoring. The special attention Dughl to
concem on new measurement methods or (oxie gases such as: Ihe suńace acou5lic wavc
(SA W) method, Ihe photoacoustic method and pJasmon resonance mcthod. These mcthods In
nex! pan of che elaboration will be deseribed. For market therc 3re existed deviees. which
applied different physical-ehemlcal effeels. These devices as gas alanns. analyscrs and
deleClors mono- and multigases are presented. Some of dcvices. In this elaboration will be
presented.
2. GAS SENSOR USJNG SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE.
Among many mcthods of toxie gas dctcction notcworthy is new aeo\iscic method. Thc
melhod is based on the effect of surfaee acoustle wave(SA W) propagatjon in a Jayercd
strueture. Principal fcature or the SJrfaee wave (or Rayleigh 's type) is, that during propagation
of the wave, displaeements of partJcles are largest on free surfacc and particles osclllnljon arc
exponentiaJ fading wLth depth 17. 8]. The transport or mechanical energy by (he: wave IS
concentrated in zone wilh range of a wavelength beJow of a wave propagation surfaco! 171-
The eonfiguralian wilh propagaIing SA W on interfaee: waveguide - semicond ucting
film of the organie eompounds can creale a sensor element whieh may be sensing on low
eoncentration or toxie gascs 161. In a ease of phlhalocyanine films, a propagalion of SAW is
slrongly disturbance by adsorption or toxie gases such as; CO. NH) and N02 on a suńace of a
layer. An adsorption effect of gas moJecules on semiconduclor suńace
(metalłophlhalocyanine) changes essentially eleeuie properties of lhe Jayer, which strongly
depends on molecuJe concentration of absorbed gases (particularly N02). In case ar N02 Ihelr
molecuJes influence wilh ciectron cloud at periphcries of macrocyclie ring of
metaltophthalocyanine molecules. In result Ihis influence so·called compounds wilh charge
transfer eomplex is formed ( CfC ) 18,91. The result of these influences may change the
conduetivity (electric effect) and change of surfaee density (mass effec!) of
melallophlhalocyanine fi lms 161. Both effeels influence on the propagalion conditions which
may be addilionally disturbed by change of gas concentration and by lemperalure of
172 Ignac-Nowicka J, Pustelny T
about air stale in a work environmcnt by agencies entitled 10 il, such as Sanitaria!
Epidemiologieal Stations. These methods are moslly chemical ones and for Ihis reason they
are lime consuming and often troublesomc in praclical application. Thcre is research necessity
or new mcasurement methods, which will bring new possibility or technical solulions oC the
nilric oxides monitoring.
Betwccn widc SpeclrUffi or physical-chemical measurcmcnl melhods [fl] łhN!" are
many methods, which can be used for toxic gascs monitoring. The special attention Dughl to
concem on new measurement methods or (oxie gases such as: Ihe suńace acou5lic wavc
(SA W) method, Ihe photoacoustic method and pJasmon resonance mcthod. These mcthods In
nex! pan of che elaboration will be deseribed. For market therc 3re existed deviees. which
applied different physical-ehemlcal effeels. These devices as gas alanns. analyscrs and
deleClors mono- and multigases are presented. Some of dcvices. In this elaboration will be
presented.
2. GAS SENSOR USJNG SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE.
Among many mcthods of toxie gas dctcction notcworthy is new aeo\iscic method. Thc
melhod is based on the effect of surfaee acoustle wave(SA W) propagatjon in a Jayercd
strueture. Principal fcature or the SJrfaee wave (or Rayleigh 's type) is, that during propagation
of the wave, displaeements of partJcles are largest on free surfacc and particles osclllnljon arc
exponentiaJ fading wLth depth 17. 8]. The transport or mechanical energy by (he: wave IS
concentrated in zone wilh range of a wavelength beJow of a wave propagation surfaco! 171-
The eonfiguralian wilh propagaIing SA W on interfaee: waveguide - semicond ucting
film of the organie eompounds can creale a sensor element whieh may be sensing on low
eoncentration or toxie gascs 161. In a ease of phlhalocyanine films, a propagalion of SAW is
slrongly disturbance by adsorption or toxie gases such as; CO. NH) and N02 on a suńace of a
layer. An adsorption effect of gas moJecules on semiconduclor suńace
(metalłophlhalocyanine) changes essentially eleeuie properties of lhe Jayer, which strongly
depends on molecuJe concentration of absorbed gases (particularly N02). In case ar N02 Ihelr
molecuJes influence wilh ciectron cloud at periphcries of macrocyclie ring of
metaltophthalocyanine molecules. In result Ihis influence so·called compounds wilh charge
transfer eomplex is formed ( CfC ) 18,91. The result of these influences may change the
conduetivity (electric effect) and change of surfaee density (mass effec!) of
melallophlhalocyanine fi lms 161. Both effeels influence on the propagalion conditions which
may be addilionally disturbed by change of gas concentration and by lemperalure of
Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Aco(Jstics vol. 22, (2001) 173
environmcnt. Investigations the effeets in works [7,8,9,10,11 have been presented. In [7J
Authors have described the sensor of toxie gasC$, designed on the base of eonfiguration ar the
piczoeleetric LiNb03 waveguide and semi-eonducting film of metallophthalocyanine,
obtained by sublimation method in vaeuum (6J. On the LiNb03 two identical aeoustical
traeks were made, Ihe one with metallophthalocyanine film (MPe) delay hne and the seeond -
the free traek on a crystal. as a Iraek relation f61-
Sueh eonfiguration enables measurcmcnts of differenee frequeney .ó.f in both trach.
Wave propagation in the traek with metallophthalocyanine film is imperceptibly disturbanced.
This disturbance eonsists in a reduction of a surface wave velocity and inerease of its
attenualion. Reduetion of velocity propagalion is caused by a mass load effeet of the surface
erysIal as well as an electrie load, which results from influence of eleclrie potential associated
with the surface wave wilh aetive charge eamers in the semiconductor layer [61-
Deseribed in work (7) the differential configuration eonsisls of IWO acouslie oseillators.
Oscillations frequeney through a propagation veJocity of the surface wave v and geometrie
parameters of the aeoustic configuration is designated. Parameters or acoustie interdigital
transdueers don't ehange, thus don't change wavelengths oflhc surface acoustic wave, which
is equal: A '" 80 11m, and frequency of the aeoustic wavc will be function onty af a wavc
propaga!ion velocily (v). For thc frce lrack /(1 = 43.6 MHz and is conslant. For Ihe
measuremenl !rack / depends on adsorbed gases. Oscillalions frequellcy (:) in thc
measurement lrack with the active Jayer is direetly proportiona! to velocity of the surfacc
wave (v) and the differential frequencies for both tracks is dircet proportional to their
differcnce of velocity and from this - to conccnlration of gases (15J .
Direel measurements of nitrogen dioxide ( and other gases, (00) by means or this sensors in
(he differential configuration by measurements of relative difference rreqUCllCy .ó.f afe
realized.
Prescnted the differential configuration has gal many qualitics [7, 12, 13, 14,151:
compensation of temperalure influence on acoustical properties of a foundalion (niohate
lithium has got Jarge temperature coefficient),
- compensation of not large fluctuations of atmospheric pressure,
reduclion or measuremcnt frequency from range or some tents MHz to some kHz.
In investigations presented in wark [7] were showed, thal lead phthalocyanine is very
sensitive on nitrogen dioxide already at room temperature. At the same time one doesn't
Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Aco(Jstics vol. 22, (2001) 173
environmcnt. Investigations the effeets in works [7,8,9,10,11 have been presented. In [7J
Authors have described the sensor of toxie gasC$, designed on the base of eonfiguration ar the
piczoeleetric LiNb03 waveguide and semi-eonducting film of metallophthalocyanine,
obtained by sublimation method in vaeuum (6J. On the LiNb03 two identical aeoustical
traeks were made, Ihe one with metallophthalocyanine film (MPe) delay hne and the seeond -
the free traek on a crystal. as a Iraek relation f61-
Sueh eonfiguration enables measurcmcnts of differenee frequeney .ó.f in both trach.
Wave propagation in the traek with metallophthalocyanine film is imperceptibly disturbanced.
This disturbance eonsists in a reduction of a surface wave velocity and inerease of its
attenualion. Reduetion of velocity propagalion is caused by a mass load effeet of the surface
erysIal as well as an electrie load, which results from influence of eleclrie potential associated
with the surface wave wilh aetive charge eamers in the semiconductor layer [61-
Deseribed in work (7) the differential configuration eonsisls of IWO acouslie oseillators.
Oscillations frequeney through a propagation veJocity of the surface wave v and geometrie
parameters of the aeoustic configuration is designated. Parameters or acoustie interdigital
transdueers don't ehange, thus don't change wavelengths oflhc surface acoustic wave, which
is equal: A '" 80 11m, and frequency of the aeoustic wavc will be function onty af a wavc
propaga!ion velocily (v). For thc frce lrack /(1 = 43.6 MHz and is conslant. For Ihe
measuremenl !rack / depends on adsorbed gases. Oscillalions frequellcy (:) in thc
measurement lrack with the active Jayer is direetly proportiona! to velocity of the surfacc
wave (v) and the differential frequencies for both tracks is dircet proportional to their
differcnce of velocity and from this - to conccnlration of gases (15J .
Direel measurements of nitrogen dioxide ( and other gases, (00) by means or this sensors in
(he differential configuration by measurements of relative difference rreqUCllCy .ó.f afe
realized.
Prescnted the differential configuration has gal many qualitics [7, 12, 13, 14,151:
compensation of temperalure influence on acoustical properties of a foundalion (niohate
lithium has got Jarge temperature coefficient),
- compensation of not large fluctuations of atmospheric pressure,
reduclion or measuremcnt frequency from range or some tents MHz to some kHz.
In investigations presented in wark [7] were showed, thal lead phthalocyanine is very
sensitive on nitrogen dioxide already at room temperature. At the same time one doesn't
174 fgnac-Nowicka J., Pustelny T
ohserve !he innuence oC another toxle gases. Problem or acoustic gases sensors on
phthalocyaninc films in works [11 -15] are widety described.
3. PHOTOACOUSTIC METHOD OF GASES MONITORfNG
In monitoring or gases il seems to bee Ihal Ehe methocl~ h:ł~ on a phola3coustic
effecl in gases may find wider appllcations [16, 17. 18). The base or Ihe theoretical model oC a
pholoacoustic cffce! il is generalian or local heat source in gas, created as li result of li ghl
absorplion in Ihis gas. Crcaled in gas a head saurce causes acouSlic wave gcneratioll (16). In
!he case or using for measurement or a modulated Iigh! beam, the power density or emiucd
heat 10 absorption CoefliCICIlI and lo intcnsity or Ihe incicłence beam is proportional. The
convcrsion or thennal energy inlo an audible signal by Morse's and Ingard's thcory has been
described 116.17). As a source or Ilght incident energy most rrequently lasers are applied. The
amplitude of a phOloacoustic signal is proportional 10 power density or heal and dcpcnds on
parameters af the absorbed light gas [ 16). For unary gas the amplitude S or the photoacoustie
signal can be presented by formula S = CPNo , where: P - power of source light beam. N _
molecule eoncentration, O • absorption cross-section or gas particles, C - a con~ant or a
pholoacoustic chamber (experimentally delennined) [ 16].
The pholoacouslic method gi ves possibility of gases measurements al ultra-Iow concenlratlOn
(16J bUl unfortunalely, II IS complieated and expensive one.
4. HIGH SELECfIVE SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE SENSOR FOR N02
MONITORING
In a plasmon sensor is applied the effect of changing of aUenuation and light -efleetion
coefficients in layered mctal-diclectric slructure, caused by changes of environmenl in
presences of surface plasmon resonanee (SPR) r19J . The suńace plasmon wave can be crcated
on a separation suńace belween substances: melal-dielectric, when on Ihi s surface an
electromagnetic wave tncidences [19, 20]. Veelors or electrie field intensity and magnetic
field in plasmon wave are reach maximum value on a separalion surface and disappear inside
both materiaIs. The idea or plasmon resonance sensor depends on equali zation of a
propagation conslant SPW (~spw) and a propagation consianI of an electromagnetic oplical
wave (fiu .. ) f21 l. Such fiuing of wave vectors securcs resonance transfer of eleclromagnelic
174 fgnac-Nowicka J., Pustelny T
ohserve !he innuence oC another toxle gases. Problem or acoustic gases sensors on
phthalocyaninc films in works [11 -15] are widety described.
3. PHOTOACOUSTIC METHOD OF GASES MONITORfNG
In monitoring or gases il seems to bee Ihal Ehe methocl~ h:ł~ on a phola3coustic
effecl in gases may find wider appllcations [16, 17. 18). The base or Ihe theoretical model oC a
pholoacoustic cffce! il is generalian or local heat source in gas, created as li result of li ghl
absorplion in Ihis gas. Crcaled in gas a head saurce causes acouSlic wave gcneratioll (16). In
!he case or using for measurement or a modulated Iigh! beam, the power density or emiucd
heat 10 absorption CoefliCICIlI and lo intcnsity or Ihe incicłence beam is proportional. The
convcrsion or thennal energy inlo an audible signal by Morse's and Ingard's thcory has been
described 116.17). As a source or Ilght incident energy most rrequently lasers are applied. The
amplitude of a phOloacoustic signal is proportional 10 power density or heal and dcpcnds on
parameters af the absorbed light gas [ 16). For unary gas the amplitude S or the photoacoustie
signal can be presented by formula S = CPNo , where: P - power of source light beam. N _
molecule eoncentration, O • absorption cross-section or gas particles, C - a con~ant or a
pholoacoustic chamber (experimentally delennined) [ 16].
The pholoacouslic method gi ves possibility of gases measurements al ultra-Iow concenlratlOn
(16J bUl unfortunalely, II IS complieated and expensive one.
4. HIGH SELECfIVE SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE SENSOR FOR N02
MONITORING
In a plasmon sensor is applied the effect of changing of aUenuation and light -efleetion
coefficients in layered mctal-diclectric slructure, caused by changes of environmenl in
presences of surface plasmon resonanee (SPR) r19J . The suńace plasmon wave can be crcated
on a separation suńace belween substances: melal-dielectric, when on Ihi s surface an
electromagnetic wave tncidences [19, 20]. Veelors or electrie field intensity and magnetic
field in plasmon wave are reach maximum value on a separalion surface and disappear inside
both materiaIs. The idea or plasmon resonance sensor depends on equali zation of a
propagation conslant SPW (~spw) and a propagation consianI of an electromagnetic oplical
wave (fiu .. ) f21 l. Such fiuing of wave vectors securcs resonance transfer of eleclromagnelic
Molecular and Quantum Acouslics vol. 22, (2001) 175
energy from an incident wave to a suńacc plasmon wave. Then a resonancc absorpljon or
energy of an incident oplical wave is observed. The changes or oplical parameters or
investigated medium can be detected by analysis of interacljon bctwccn the SPW wave and
Ihe optical wave by measuring or intensity of an optieal signal. The surface plasmon
resonance cffeet among other for detection of nitrogen dioxide was used. [211.
Sensors based on the plasmon resonancc are very sensitive for changes af oplical
property of gas medium (N02) adherent to metallayer [19].
The N02 plasmon sensors are very highly selective and the presence ar othcr gases: NHl, H2•
CO, C02. 502, HCl. Ch i HzS. do not have influence for N~ measurements. beeause SPR
effeel forthis gases is imperceplibJe by using gold łayer [19].
Literalure of Ihis problems informs about possibility or applications or silver and cupper and
eobaJI phthaJocyanine films in płasmon sensors for nilrogen dioxide deteelion [21 J.
5. NON - ACOUSTIC METI-IODS OF N02 DETECTION
Presented below methods of N02 deteecion by Polish Standard are recommended.
5.1 Determination of nitrogen oxides on workSlands by colorimelrie analysłs [1.22.2jJ.
The colorimetnc method is often used one to mark at workstands of N02
concentration. Air (eonlaining nilne dioxide) is forced through absorptive soIulion. whieh in a
result of a ehemieal reaction wilh nitrogcn dioxide changes its tint in eolour range from lighl
pink to violet. Intensily of Ihe tint as a funetion of intensity of solution after absorptlOn for
wavelength A = 560 nm in eolorimeler is measured. The of N~ concentration from a
calibrated charaeterislie is dctermined.
The based element of Ihe set-up is a spectrofotocolorimelcr of a SPECOL Iype[ l].
5.2 Method using tubular deteclors with direct read-oul [3,24 ]
The method uses or chemical reactions or nilrogen oxide with some ehcmieal
compounds. Thc degree of tint created eompounds testifies of a concentration or invesligated
matter. The most often used chemical reaclions are as follows:
reaction with N.N'-diaphenylbenzidinne (colour ehanges rrom grey lo blue-grey):
N02 + C6Hs -NH-C6H4 -C6H4 -NH-C6Hs --+ coloured compounds
reaction with dihydrochloride N-(l-naphlhlyl}etylenediamine (colour changes from while
to red)
Molecular and Quantum Acouslics vol. 22, (2001) 175
energy from an incident wave to a suńacc plasmon wave. Then a resonancc absorpljon or
energy of an incident oplical wave is observed. The changes or oplical parameters or
investigated medium can be detected by analysis of interacljon bctwccn the SPW wave and
Ihe optical wave by measuring or intensity of an optieal signal. The surface plasmon
resonance cffeet among other for detection of nitrogen dioxide was used. [211.
Sensors based on the plasmon resonancc are very sensitive for changes af oplical
property of gas medium (N02) adherent to metallayer [19].
The N02 plasmon sensors are very highly selective and the presence ar othcr gases: NHl, H2•
CO, C02. 502, HCl. Ch i HzS. do not have influence for N~ measurements. beeause SPR
effeel forthis gases is imperceplibJe by using gold łayer [19].
Literalure of Ihis problems informs about possibility or applications or silver and cupper and
eobaJI phthaJocyanine films in płasmon sensors for nilrogen dioxide deteelion [21 J.
5. NON - ACOUSTIC METI-IODS OF N02 DETECTION
Presented below methods of N02 deteecion by Polish Standard are recommended.
5.1 Determination of nitrogen oxides on workSlands by colorimelrie analysłs [1.22.2jJ.
The colorimetnc method is often used one to mark at workstands of N02
concentration. Air (eonlaining nilne dioxide) is forced through absorptive soIulion. whieh in a
result of a ehemieal reaction wilh nitrogcn dioxide changes its tint in eolour range from lighl
pink to violet. Intensily of Ihe tint as a funetion of intensity of solution after absorptlOn for
wavelength A = 560 nm in eolorimeler is measured. The of N~ concentration from a
calibrated charaeterislie is dctermined.
The based element of Ihe set-up is a spectrofotocolorimelcr of a SPECOL Iype[ l].
5.2 Method using tubular deteclors with direct read-oul [3,24 ]
The method uses or chemical reactions or nilrogen oxide with some ehcmieal
compounds. Thc degree of tint created eompounds testifies of a concentration or invesligated
matter. The most often used chemical reaclions are as follows:
reaction with N.N'-diaphenylbenzidinne (colour ehanges rrom grey lo blue-grey):
N02 + C6Hs -NH-C6H4 -C6H4 -NH-C6Hs --+ coloured compounds
reaction with dihydrochloride N-(l-naphlhlyl}etylenediamine (colour changes from while
to red)
176 Ignac-Nowicka J, Pustelny T
compounds
reaction wich O-toluidine (coiouT changes on ye!low-orange)
Mentioned above chemical substances arc placed in glass pipes wilh sealed ends fonning
tubular detector. After broking both pipes ends (he N02 measurcmcnts are realised by now of
investigated aiT by tubular detector. Intensity or tinge or the tubular detcctor shows suitable
nitrogen dio",ide concentration.
Using of tubular detectors should remember about faetors which dislurb measurement resull$,
Halogens and chłorine dioxide and rew other oxidized substanccs creale lints similar to tints
created by nitrogen dioxide. In exact marking N02 prcvents sulphur dioxide disturhs when the
cQncentration is higher than 100 mg/m) ofaif [3].
5.3 Marking or nitrogen dio>::ide in atmospherically air (Iow emission) by
spectrophotometrical method with Saltzman's reagens [2,22].
This method is elaborated on the base of a mcthod which by American Emironment
Protcction Agency (EPA) EQN, 1277-026 is recommended [2].
The method for N02 sampies taken at every 30 minUles is applied or for sampies taken
continuously by 24 hours, in range from 0,03 ].lg to 2 ].lg in 1 mI absorbed air.
The melbod in [25[ is exaclly described.
6. MONITORS OP N ITROGEN Dl0XIDE.
Monitors - it is the name of methods of environment air monitoring.
The monitors for test ing of toxic or dangerous substances are used.
For the main group of monitors belongs:
Chemi\uminescence monitors [26,27[.
Elektrochemica\ monitors (cou\ometer) [26,27].
- Eleclrochemical monitors (potentiometers) [23,26,28] .
The main futures of monitors are not 50 high Iheir accuracy (above some percents) and
relatively low sensitivity. [29,30J.
176 Ignac-Nowicka J, Pustelny T
compounds
reaction wich O-toluidine (coiouT changes on ye!low-orange)
Mentioned above chemical substances arc placed in glass pipes wilh sealed ends fonning
tubular detector. After broking both pipes ends (he N02 measurcmcnts are realised by now of
investigated aiT by tubular detector. Intensity or tinge or the tubular detcctor shows suitable
nitrogen dio",ide concentration.
Using of tubular detectors should remember about faetors which dislurb measurement resull$,
Halogens and chłorine dioxide and rew other oxidized substanccs creale lints similar to tints
created by nitrogen dioxide. In exact marking N02 prcvents sulphur dioxide disturhs when the
cQncentration is higher than 100 mg/m) ofaif [3].
5.3 Marking or nitrogen dio>::ide in atmospherically air (Iow emission) by
spectrophotometrical method with Saltzman's reagens [2,22].
This method is elaborated on the base of a mcthod which by American Emironment
Protcction Agency (EPA) EQN, 1277-026 is recommended [2].
The method for N02 sampies taken at every 30 minUles is applied or for sampies taken
continuously by 24 hours, in range from 0,03 ].lg to 2 ].lg in 1 mI absorbed air.
The melbod in [25[ is exaclly described.
6. MONITORS OP N ITROGEN Dl0XIDE.
Monitors - it is the name of methods of environment air monitoring.
The monitors for test ing of toxic or dangerous substances are used.
For the main group of monitors belongs:
Chemi\uminescence monitors [26,27[.
Elektrochemica\ monitors (cou\ometer) [26,27].
- Eleclrochemical monitors (potentiometers) [23,26,28] .
The main futures of monitors are not 50 high Iheir accuracy (above some percents) and
relatively low sensitivity. [29,30J.
Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Acoustics vol 22, (2001) 177
7. SEMJCONDUCTOR SENSORS OF NITRQGEN OJOXIDE.
Among many types of nitrogen dioxide sensors, the literatur!! of last years infonns
about employment of semiconductor NO, sensors in which semiconducting metal Q);,Ides arc
applied (30,31,32,33J.
The sensor with an active suńaee in a fonn of a tungstic trioxide film (WOJ) on the
foundation of AbO] is presented in [3IJ. The sensing element composes of a WO~ layer. on
which i .~ evaporated gold digital electrodc and wjth a heating element made of rutheniurn
dioxide (RU02). The sensor works basing on the resistance measurement in range from 0.01 10
2 Mn. The wark temperature of (he sensor is up to 350°C, The sensors of this kind delcct
N01 as weJJ as NO, too. They can be used for monitoring of wasle gases. for inspection and
air quality monitoring. working in range of conccntration: 0+ 50 ppm.
8. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF N02 DETECTORS
The detectors are somelimes produced as multigascs detectors, not only for nitrie
oxides control but also for earbon monoxide, ammonia ar su lphur dioxide. There are, 50
ealled gaseous alann. designed for twa sil1s of dClcction. This sills are conneetcd with twa
values: maximum permissible conccntration (MPC) and maximum pcrmisslbJe concentration
momentary (MPCM). Thc other type of dctectors are monitors applied at work,tand and
emission 1l10nitors as well as low emission monitors to check of ambient air. This dctectors
can wark in temperaturc range from -20 to +50QC. Their measurement ranges of gases
concentrations may be vcry various.
Table ! shows technical parameters of same multigases dctcctors, which in polish
market are prescnlcd. Shown in table detcctors arc first of al! the gas alarms in which
elcctrochemieal sensors aro applied (34J. AJJ presented delectors are produced by Canadian
BW Firm - one of the biggest produccrs of this type gas dctcclors in the world.
In Table 2 some examples of gas detector used at the workstand are presented.
Devices used for monitorillg nilrie oxidcs in the ambient air in Table 3 are shown.
Under mentioned devices. actually wark in th!! automatic tesling stations to control of air
qua1ity in the Katowice agglomeration (35]. n automatic stations are realized meaourements
of N01 and NO as we\1 as carbon monoxide. suI fur dioxide and dusts too.
Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Acoustics vol 22, (2001) 177
7. SEMJCONDUCTOR SENSORS OF NITRQGEN OJOXIDE.
Among many types of nitrogen dioxide sensors, the literatur!! of last years infonns
about employment of semiconductor NO, sensors in which semiconducting metal Q);,Ides arc
applied (30,31,32,33J.
The sensor with an active suńaee in a fonn of a tungstic trioxide film (WOJ) on the
foundation of AbO] is presented in [3IJ. The sensing element composes of a WO~ layer. on
which i .~ evaporated gold digital electrodc and wjth a heating element made of rutheniurn
dioxide (RU02). The sensor works basing on the resistance measurement in range from 0.01 10
2 Mn. The wark temperature of (he sensor is up to 350°C, The sensors of this kind delcct
N01 as weJJ as NO, too. They can be used for monitoring of wasle gases. for inspection and
air quality monitoring. working in range of conccntration: 0+ 50 ppm.
8. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF N02 DETECTORS
The detectors are somelimes produced as multigascs detectors, not only for nitrie
oxides control but also for earbon monoxide, ammonia ar su lphur dioxide. There are, 50
ealled gaseous alann. designed for twa sil1s of dClcction. This sills are conneetcd with twa
values: maximum permissible conccntration (MPC) and maximum pcrmisslbJe concentration
momentary (MPCM). Thc other type of dctectors are monitors applied at work,tand and
emission 1l10nitors as well as low emission monitors to check of ambient air. This dctectors
can wark in temperaturc range from -20 to +50QC. Their measurement ranges of gases
concentrations may be vcry various.
Table ! shows technical parameters of same multigases dctcctors, which in polish
market are prescnlcd. Shown in table detcctors arc first of al! the gas alarms in which
elcctrochemieal sensors aro applied (34J. AJJ presented delectors are produced by Canadian
BW Firm - one of the biggest produccrs of this type gas dctcclors in the world.
In Table 2 some examples of gas detector used at the workstand are presented.
Devices used for monitorillg nilrie oxidcs in the ambient air in Table 3 are shown.
Under mentioned devices. actually wark in th!! automatic tesling stations to control of air
qua1ity in the Katowice agglomeration (35]. n automatic stations are realized meaourements
of N01 and NO as we\1 as carbon monoxide. suI fur dioxide and dusts too.
178 Ignac-Nowlcka J . Pustelny T
Table 1.
Type or Dctectors G" Accuracy Mcasurcment range Notices
1 2
Gas detcctors or CO 1 ppm 0-500 Q-l000 Four-channel ~ystem
series CD-420 NH, 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100 or detcction:continuity
(BW Finn) NO, 0,1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0 or control gas
SO, I ppru 0-100 O-50 conccntration
Spark safcty gas CO l ppm 0-500 0- 1000 Law necessities or
detcctors or series SO, 0,5 ppm 0-100 Q-50 preservali on
tS. Plant NH, 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100
(BW Firm.) H, I ppm 0-100 Q-2oo
HCL 0.1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0
NO 0,5 ppm 0-50,0 Q-100
NO, 0,1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0
Local gas CO 0,5 prm 0-500 Q-1000 Sensors or pil11ype;
detectors type: NH] 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100 three alann levels or
ALARM RAT NO, 0,1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0 gas concentralion
(BW Firm.) NO 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100
So, 0,5 ppm 0-100 Q-50
H, l ppm 0-100 Q-200
178 Ignac-Nowlcka J . Pustelny T
Table 1.
Type or Dctectors G" Accuracy Mcasurcment range Notices
1 2
Gas detcctors or CO 1 ppm 0-500 Q-l000 Four-channel ~ystem
series CD-420 NH, 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100 or detcction:continuity
(BW Finn) NO, 0,1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0 or control gas
SO, I ppru 0-100 O-50 conccntration
Spark safcty gas CO l ppm 0-500 0- 1000 Law necessities or
detcctors or series SO, 0,5 ppm 0-100 Q-50 preservali on
tS. Plant NH, 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100
(BW Firm.) H, I ppm 0-100 Q-2oo
HCL 0.1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0
NO 0,5 ppm 0-50,0 Q-100
NO, 0,1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0
Local gas CO 0,5 prm 0-500 Q-1000 Sensors or pil11ype;
detectors type: NH] 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100 three alann levels or
ALARM RAT NO, 0,1 ppm 0-10,0 0-20,0 gas concentralion
(BW Firm.) NO 0,5 ppm O-50 0-100
So, 0,5 ppm 0-100 Q-50
H, l ppm 0-100 Q-200
Molecutar and Quantum Acoustics vat 22, (2001) 179
Table 2.
Measuremcnt range Detcetor name Gascs
and aecuraey Type sensor
Muhigase dcteetors Niuie oxide 0-999 Electrochemieal LTX 310 (INDUSTR IAL Explosive gases, ppm with step ł ppm; dctcclors SCIENTYFIC oxygen and toxie nilrogen dioxidc CORPORATION USA) gases 0-99,9 ppm with step
0,1 ppm
Monogasc dctectors serics 200 (INDUSTRIAL Nitrogen dioxide 0-199,9 ppm; Elcctrochcmical SCIENTYRC threshold alarm deteclors CORPORATrON USA) 3 ppm
Analyser CMS (Chip-Mes- Nitrie oxides and 0,5-15 ppm or System) others gascs 10-200 ppm Chip with reagem DRAGER Comp. Pump Aecuro 0,5 -10 ppm, (DRAGER Comp.) Toxic gases 5-100 ppm, Tubular dCICClors
2-50 ppm
Table 3.
Sensor Measuremenl range
Type anałyser measurement method and aecuraey Quantity sensitivity
Aoalyser of nitrie
oxide eoncentration Chemilumincseence 1,5 ppb 0.5 P?b
type ML 8841 0-500 ppb
Analyser of nilric 0,5 ppb lub 1 %
oxide eoneentration Chemiluminescence odczytu l pph
typ ML9841 0-500 ppb
Analyser of nitric
oxide concentration Chemilummescence 0-1000 ppb 2 ppb
typ ENV IRQNMENT
AC30M
9. CONCLU$ION.
After analysis of detection nitric oxide methods rccommended by Polish Standards
one ean aseertain, that the methods (in most of case~) based on chemieal analysis from many
years are used. The Polish Standards rarely recommcnded automatic methods, which are
simpJe and usefriendly. As mentioned in this elaboration. lhere arc cxisl many detection
Molecutar and Quantum Acoustics vat 22, (2001) 179
Table 2.
Measuremcnt range Detcetor name Gascs
and aecuraey Type sensor
Muhigase dcteetors Niuie oxide 0-999 Electrochemieal LTX 310 (INDUSTR IAL Explosive gases, ppm with step ł ppm; dctcclors SCIENTYFIC oxygen and toxie nilrogen dioxidc CORPORATION USA) gases 0-99,9 ppm with step
0,1 ppm
Monogasc dctectors serics 200 (INDUSTRIAL Nitrogen dioxide 0-199,9 ppm; Elcctrochcmical SCIENTYRC threshold alarm deteclors CORPORATrON USA) 3 ppm
Analyser CMS (Chip-Mes- Nitrie oxides and 0,5-15 ppm or System) others gascs 10-200 ppm Chip with reagem DRAGER Comp. Pump Aecuro 0,5 -10 ppm, (DRAGER Comp.) Toxic gases 5-100 ppm, Tubular dCICClors
2-50 ppm
Table 3.
Sensor Measuremenl range
Type anałyser measurement method and aecuraey Quantity sensitivity
Aoalyser of nitrie
oxide eoncentration Chemilumincseence 1,5 ppb 0.5 P?b
type ML 8841 0-500 ppb
Analyser of nilric 0,5 ppb lub 1 %
oxide eoneentration Chemiluminescence odczytu l pph
typ ML9841 0-500 ppb
Analyser of nitric
oxide concentration Chemilummescence 0-1000 ppb 2 ppb
typ ENV IRQNMENT
AC30M
9. CONCLU$ION.
After analysis of detection nitric oxide methods rccommended by Polish Standards
one ean aseertain, that the methods (in most of case~) based on chemieal analysis from many
years are used. The Polish Standards rarely recommcnded automatic methods, which are
simpJe and usefriendly. As mentioned in this elaboration. lhere arc cxisl many detection
180 Ignac-Nowicka J, Pustelny T
methods or nitric oxides (and olller (oxie gascs, too) . Some of methods found commcrclul
appJication for production of gas alanns used industry and as gas deteclors and analyscrs.
Analysed in the claboration thc new method bused on suńace plasmon resonancc is
very pcrspectivc one and il seems to be applied for air monitoring in neaT future. As one
shows in the works [20,21), Ihe gas detection by plasmon sensor can be rcahzed by
measuremenls of oplica] wave interlsity, resonance angle. resonance Icngth wavc and changes
of polarization [36J. The plasmon method i5 very sen~itive and can be used for COllcentration
measurements in wide range.
Presented herc the surface acoustic wave method is attractive for measurcmcnts of
highcr concentration of nitrogen oxide and other gases [14,15].
Summing up one can notice, that in group of new investigalive methods, the special
position among gas detection methods can occupy plasmon one.
Market of detectors grows conlinuously and ensures the demand for scnsors or high
qualily.
lnvcsti galions ovcr possibilily of application of surface plasmon resonance sensors and
the sensors based on suńace acouslic wave propagalion in layered structure for measurcmCIlI5
of nitrogcn dioxidc and mheL gascs monitoring, ar\.: \.:anicd from rew years in lnslitUlc oC
Physic at Silesian University of Tcchnology in Gliwice. The rcsults of experimcntal
investigations of nilrogcn dioxide detectors based on the plasmon resonance and the SA W
propagation are actually realizcd and Ihcir rcsults will be pubJished in near futurc.
Acknowlegements.
Authors desirc 10 thank doctors M. Urbanczyk and W. Jakubik, Z. Opilski and E.Maciak for
versatilc discussions and help in the investigations.
Reference
I. PN-74 Z-04009/07, Air cleGl/lless proleclioll . . lnvesligation oj nilrogel/ contents and
nilroger! coumpound.f (colorimetrical method with phcnylodisulfonic ac id), Polish
Standards Committee 1995.
2. PN-Z- 04009-9, Ajr cleanness protectioll. Investigation oj ni/rogen col/tenIS and
nilrogen coumpounds (spectrophotometral method with reagent SaJtzman's), Polish
Slandards Committee 1997.
3. PN -ISO 8761 Air in the workstands. Designalion o/mass concenlration ojnilrogen
dioxide (method with uscd lubular deteclors), Polish Standards Commiuee 1993.
180 Ignac-Nowicka J, Pustelny T
methods or nitric oxides (and olller (oxie gascs, too) . Some of methods found commcrclul
appJication for production of gas alanns used industry and as gas deteclors and analyscrs.
Analysed in the claboration thc new method bused on suńace plasmon resonancc is
very pcrspectivc one and il seems to be applied for air monitoring in neaT future. As one
shows in the works [20,21), Ihe gas detection by plasmon sensor can be rcahzed by
measuremenls of oplica] wave interlsity, resonance angle. resonance Icngth wavc and changes
of polarization [36J. The plasmon method i5 very sen~itive and can be used for COllcentration
measurements in wide range.
Presented herc the surface acoustic wave method is attractive for measurcmcnts of
highcr concentration of nitrogen oxide and other gases [14,15].
Summing up one can notice, that in group of new investigalive methods, the special
position among gas detection methods can occupy plasmon one.
Market of detectors grows conlinuously and ensures the demand for scnsors or high
qualily.
lnvcsti galions ovcr possibilily of application of surface plasmon resonance sensors and
the sensors based on suńace acouslic wave propagalion in layered structure for measurcmCIlI5
of nitrogcn dioxidc and mheL gascs monitoring, ar\.: \.:anicd from rew years in lnslitUlc oC
Physic at Silesian University of Tcchnology in Gliwice. The rcsults of experimcntal
investigations of nilrogcn dioxide detectors based on the plasmon resonance and the SA W
propagation are actually realizcd and Ihcir rcsults will be pubJished in near futurc.
Acknowlegements.
Authors desirc 10 thank doctors M. Urbanczyk and W. Jakubik, Z. Opilski and E.Maciak for
versatilc discussions and help in the investigations.
Reference
I. PN-74 Z-04009/07, Air cleGl/lless proleclioll . . lnvesligation oj nilrogel/ contents and
nilroger! coumpound.f (colorimetrical method with phcnylodisulfonic ac id), Polish
Standards Committee 1995.
2. PN-Z- 04009-9, Ajr cleanness protectioll. Investigation oj ni/rogen col/tenIS and
nilrogen coumpounds (spectrophotometral method with reagent SaJtzman's), Polish
Slandards Committee 1997.
3. PN -ISO 8761 Air in the workstands. Designalion o/mass concenlration ojnilrogen
dioxide (method with uscd lubular deteclors), Polish Standards Commiuee 1993.
Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Acoustics vol. 22, (2001) 1~
4. Order oj Minister oj Health and Social Welfare, from 22 day ar March 1993,
regarding or princip1e and frequency of execlltion investigation and noxiou$ for health
agents in wark environmen! measuremenl, Dz. V. No 26.
5. Order of Minister of Environment Protection and Natural ResOIlrces, from 17 day of
April 1987, regarding or pennissible 10 introducing lo ambient air or SOrl and quantity
of paJluting subslances, producing by combustion engine, Dz. U. No 14.
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(M&QA, vol. 22. 2OCll).
7. W. Jakubik, Surface acoustic wave propagarion in choice film phthalocyaninn·,
Doctor's Thesis, Gliwice 1997.
8. W. Mason, R. Thurston, Physical Acouslics, vot. 9, 35-125 (G .FameU, L.Adler.
"Elastic Wave Propagation in Thin Layers"), AP 1972.
9. M. Nieuwenhuizen, A. Nederlor, W.Barendsz, Metallop,haiocyanmes as Chemieal
Interfaces on a Surfaee Aeoustie Wave Gas SenSor for Nilrogen dioxide, Anal. Chem.
Vot. 60, 1988, No. 3.
lO. M. Nieuwenhuizen, W.Barendsz. Proees.fes Involved al the Chemical /merjace oj a
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II. A. Opilski, W. Jukubik. M. Urbańczyk, Phthalocyanine layers inflllenee on surfaec
acoustie wave propagation, OSA 1994.
12. W. Jakubik, M. Urbańczyk., A. Opilski, Mas ... and electric efect in gaseous sensors
SA W type, IV Scientific conference , Optoclectronic and Electronic Sensors OES
1996, 1.1.
13. W. Jakubik, M. Urbańczyk. SAUl sensor for NOz delection lllilizing rhe dynamie
chamcteristie oj the device, Archives of ACQUSlics, 21 ,4, 413-420 (1996).
14. W. Jakubik. M. Urbańczyk, E. Adamczyk, J. Rzeszotarska, Devieesjor Measurement
ojthe NOz eOllcentration in the Air by Means oj Sur/aee Aeoustic Waves, Archives of
ACOUSlics, 22, 2,197-206 (1997).
15. W. Jakubik, M . Urbańczyk. A. Opilski. SAW sensor jor NOJ, Acta Acouslicl. vol . 82,
supplemem p. s. 181, Proceedings Forum Acousticum 1996, Antwerpen, Belgia.
16. RJ. Bukowski, Z.Kleszczewski, B. Pustelny, Aplication oj photoacouslic efect /O
gases atmosphere investigations, (M&QA, vol. 21, 2000).
17. P.M. Morse, K.U. Ingard, Teoretieal Acoustics, Princenton University Press,
Princenton 1986.
Mo/ecu/ar and Quantum Acoustics vol. 22, (2001) 1~
4. Order oj Minister oj Health and Social Welfare, from 22 day ar March 1993,
regarding or princip1e and frequency of execlltion investigation and noxiou$ for health
agents in wark environmen! measuremenl, Dz. V. No 26.
5. Order of Minister of Environment Protection and Natural ResOIlrces, from 17 day of
April 1987, regarding or pennissible 10 introducing lo ambient air or SOrl and quantity
of paJluting subslances, producing by combustion engine, Dz. U. No 14.
6. 1. Jgnac-Nowicka, Air pollulion monitoring ar the workstand and in Ihe ambiem air,
(M&QA, vol. 22. 2OCll).
7. W. Jakubik, Surface acoustic wave propagarion in choice film phthalocyaninn·,
Doctor's Thesis, Gliwice 1997.
8. W. Mason, R. Thurston, Physical Acouslics, vot. 9, 35-125 (G .FameU, L.Adler.
"Elastic Wave Propagation in Thin Layers"), AP 1972.
9. M. Nieuwenhuizen, A. Nederlor, W.Barendsz, Metallop,haiocyanmes as Chemieal
Interfaces on a Surfaee Aeoustie Wave Gas SenSor for Nilrogen dioxide, Anal. Chem.
Vot. 60, 1988, No. 3.
lO. M. Nieuwenhuizen, W.Barendsz. Proees.fes Involved al the Chemical /merjace oj a
SA Ul ChemwenWI", St.:II~O I s auli Al:tualur:>, J l (1987).
II. A. Opilski, W. Jukubik. M. Urbańczyk, Phthalocyanine layers inflllenee on surfaec
acoustie wave propagation, OSA 1994.
12. W. Jakubik, M. Urbańczyk., A. Opilski, Mas ... and electric efect in gaseous sensors
SA W type, IV Scientific conference , Optoclectronic and Electronic Sensors OES
1996, 1.1.
13. W. Jakubik, M. Urbańczyk. SAUl sensor for NOz delection lllilizing rhe dynamie
chamcteristie oj the device, Archives of ACQUSlics, 21 ,4, 413-420 (1996).
14. W. Jakubik. M. Urbańczyk, E. Adamczyk, J. Rzeszotarska, Devieesjor Measurement
ojthe NOz eOllcentration in the Air by Means oj Sur/aee Aeoustic Waves, Archives of
ACOUSlics, 22, 2,197-206 (1997).
15. W. Jakubik, M . Urbańczyk. A. Opilski. SAW sensor jor NOJ, Acta Acouslicl. vol . 82,
supplemem p. s. 181, Proceedings Forum Acousticum 1996, Antwerpen, Belgia.
16. RJ. Bukowski, Z.Kleszczewski, B. Pustelny, Aplication oj photoacouslic efect /O
gases atmosphere investigations, (M&QA, vol. 21, 2000).
17. P.M. Morse, K.U. Ingard, Teoretieal Acoustics, Princenton University Press,
Princenton 1986.
182 Ignac-Nowlcka J, Pustelny T.
18. R. Bukowski, A. Domanowska, Z. Kleszczewski, Theoretieal Analysjs o[
Photoaeouslie Signal Gennera/ed By Laser Pulse Absorbed in Solid Medium,
(M&QA, vol 21, 2000).
19. G.J. Ashwell, M.P.S. Roberts. Highly seleerjve surfaee plasmon resonanee sensor jor
N02• Electronics Leuers, Vol.32 No.22, 1996.
20. E. Maciak, A. Opilski, Z. Opilski, Surfaee plasmon resonance liquid sensor bosed rm
prism eoupler in the Kretschmann geometry, Molecular and Quantum Acoustics,
Vol.21 , Gliwice 2000.
21. J. Homola, S.S. Yee, G. Gauglitz, Surfaee p/avnon resonance sensors: rel'iell',
Scnsors and Actuators B 54, 1999.
22. P. Górka, SI. Kowalski, Air polluriom; jnvesrigations, Wyd. Politechniki Sląskiej,
Gliwice 2000.
23. I. Trlepierczyńska, Physjcal·chemical arlO/ysjs oj air pollulions, WPW, Wrocław
1997.
24. ISO 6879: 1983, Ajr qualiry - Perfomultlce eharaeterislics and realated concepts jor
air quality measuring metods.
25. J. Namieśnik, 1. Łukasiak, Z. Jamrógiewicz, Environmem samplingzo analFls, PWN
Warszawa 1995.
26. 1. Namieśnik, Z. Jamrógiewicz, Physieal·chemical methods oj environmem pollU/ion
control, Warszawa ł998.
27. 1. Gronowicz, Environment prorecrion in land transport, WPSz, Szczecin 1996.
28. Z. Brzózka, W. Wróblewski, Chemieal sensors, OWPW, Warszawa 1999.
29. VI Scientific conference, OplOeleetTOnie and e/eetronie sensors, PAN Gliwice 2000.
30. P. Jasiński, A. Nowakowski, H. Teterycz, K. Wiśniewski, Impedance oj rhick film
solid stare .fensor jor gaz mixture detection, Ionics, Vol.5, No. I i 2, 1999.
31. T. Inoue, K. Ohtsuka, Y. Yoshida, Y. Matsuura, Y. Kajiyama ,,Metal oxjde
semieonduetor N02 sensor" , Sensors and Actuators B 24-25 (1995).
32. F. C. Tompkims, Gases ehemisorptioTl on meta/s, PWN, Warszawa 1985.
33. N.B. Hannay ,Phy.~ies ol solid, PWN, Warszawa 1972.
34, www. introl.pl. katalog handlowy polskiego dystrybutora finny BW,
35. Report oj regional ellvironment monitoring (air), Center of Investigation and
Inspection of Environment PP in Katowice, 1999.
36. S.G. Nelson, K.S. Johnston, S.S. Yee, High sensivity surjaee pltssmon resollance
sensor bosed on phase deteclioll, Sensors and Actuators B, Vol. 35-36. 1996.
182 Ignac-Nowlcka J, Pustelny T.
18. R. Bukowski, A. Domanowska, Z. Kleszczewski, Theoretieal Analysjs o[
Photoaeouslie Signal Gennera/ed By Laser Pulse Absorbed in Solid Medium,
(M&QA, vol 21, 2000).
19. G.J. Ashwell, M.P.S. Roberts. Highly seleerjve surfaee plasmon resonanee sensor jor
N02• Electronics Leuers, Vol.32 No.22, 1996.
20. E. Maciak, A. Opilski, Z. Opilski, Surfaee plasmon resonance liquid sensor bosed rm
prism eoupler in the Kretschmann geometry, Molecular and Quantum Acoustics,
Vol.21 , Gliwice 2000.
21. J. Homola, S.S. Yee, G. Gauglitz, Surfaee p/avnon resonance sensors: rel'iell',
Scnsors and Actuators B 54, 1999.
22. P. Górka, SI. Kowalski, Air polluriom; jnvesrigations, Wyd. Politechniki Sląskiej,
Gliwice 2000.
23. I. Trlepierczyńska, Physjcal·chemical arlO/ysjs oj air pollulions, WPW, Wrocław
1997.
24. ISO 6879: 1983, Ajr qualiry - Perfomultlce eharaeterislics and realated concepts jor
air quality measuring metods.
25. J. Namieśnik, 1. Łukasiak, Z. Jamrógiewicz, Environmem samplingzo analFls, PWN
Warszawa 1995.
26. 1. Namieśnik, Z. Jamrógiewicz, Physieal·chemical methods oj environmem pollU/ion
control, Warszawa ł998.
27. 1. Gronowicz, Environment prorecrion in land transport, WPSz, Szczecin 1996.
28. Z. Brzózka, W. Wróblewski, Chemieal sensors, OWPW, Warszawa 1999.
29. VI Scientific conference, OplOeleetTOnie and e/eetronie sensors, PAN Gliwice 2000.
30. P. Jasiński, A. Nowakowski, H. Teterycz, K. Wiśniewski, Impedance oj rhick film
solid stare .fensor jor gaz mixture detection, Ionics, Vol.5, No. I i 2, 1999.
31. T. Inoue, K. Ohtsuka, Y. Yoshida, Y. Matsuura, Y. Kajiyama ,,Metal oxjde
semieonduetor N02 sensor" , Sensors and Actuators B 24-25 (1995).
32. F. C. Tompkims, Gases ehemisorptioTl on meta/s, PWN, Warszawa 1985.
33. N.B. Hannay ,Phy.~ies ol solid, PWN, Warszawa 1972.
34, www. introl.pl. katalog handlowy polskiego dystrybutora finny BW,
35. Report oj regional ellvironment monitoring (air), Center of Investigation and
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