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Momentum and Energy
Chapter 3
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MomentumMomentum• Momentum is inertia in
motion• Mass x velocityy• Has both magnitude
and direction• Large mass or high
speed can give object p g jgreat amount of momentum
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Momentum = m•vMomentum m v
• Change momentum byChange momentum by – changing mass
or velocity usually velocity– or velocity—usually velocity• What causes changes in velocity?• Force• Time is also importantp
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Momentum and ImpulseMomentum and Impulse
• Apply force over time to change velocityApply force over time to change velocity and momentum
• Greater time of application greater• Greater time of application, greater change in momentumF ti i t l i IMPULSE• Force x time interval is IMPULSE
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Impulse = F•tImpulse F t• Force x time intervalForce x time interval• Impulse changes
momentum• Technically: )(mvFt Δ=
• Realistically: vmFt Δ=
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Impulse Increasing MomentumImpulse Increasing MomentumvmFt Δ=
• Pushing a child on a swing—the force )(mvFt Δ=g
• Increases momentum• Longer pushLonger push
increases momentum more than a short one
• http://www.bcm.edu/oto/research/cochlea/Volta/16.html
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Impulse Decreasing MomentumImpulse Decreasing Momentum
• Stopping the out of control car vmFt Δ=pp g• Change momentum to zero• Less force if time is greaterLess force if time is greater
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Impulse Changes MomentumImpulse Changes Momentum
• Can change force by changing timeCan change force by changing time
M i ti d f• Move away increases time, reduces force• Toward decreases time, increases force
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Bounce increases impulseBounce increases impulse• There is a change in vmFt Δ=There is a change in
velocity direction, making a greater Δv
vmFt Δ
• So greater force is required
• Water changesdirection, has greateri l h flimpulse than a flatpaddle
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Conservation of MomentumConservation of Momentum
• The system: the cannon and the ball• When it fires momentum is conserved• When it fires, momentum is conserved—
they both have momentum: in opposite directionsdirections
• Momentum = m•v
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Conservation of MomentumConservation of Momentum
• No net force • Momentum = m•vNo net force• No net momentum
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Conservation of MomentumConservation of Momentum
• In the absence of external force theIn the absence of external force, the momentum of the system remains unchangedunchanged
• Momentum = m•v
• Consider individual balls as individual systems: momentum of each does change
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Conservation of MomentumConservation of Momentum
• Net momentum is the same before theNet momentum is the same before the collision
• As after the collision• As after the collision
M t• Momentum = m•v
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Conservation of MomentumConservation of Momentum
Y ll b ll t t t tia. Yellow ball starts stationaryb. Both balls moving opposite directionsc. Green ball moving faster
• Momentum = m•v
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EnergyEnergy
• Property of a system that enables it to doProperty of a system that enables it to do work
• Potential Energy• Potential Energy– Springs
Ch i l– Chemicals– Gravity
• Kinetic Energy
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Potential EnergyPotential Energy
• http://www.howstuffworks.com/inside-clock.htm
• http://www.himalayan.pdx.edu/virtualjourney/slideshow/se_photos_web/pages/Boy%20with%20Slingshot%2C%20J.htm
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Potential EnergyPotential Energy
• Fuel is chemicalFuel is chemical potential energy
• http://www.alternativefuels.com.au/Biodiesel/dragster.htm
• http://www.lilligren.com/Redneck/redneck_lawnmower.htm
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Work is Energy
• Lift heavy ram of pile driver
Work is Energy
Lift heavy ram of pile driver• Work transfers energy to
lift intolift into gravitational potential energy
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Gravitational potential energyGravitational potential energy• Due to object’s positionDue to object s position• Relative to a surface= weight x height = mgh= weight x height = mgh• Work done for object to gain
potential energy
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Gravitational potential energyGravitational potential energy
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Gravitational potential energyGravitational potential energy
EP = mass x (acceleration of gravity) x heightEP = mass x (acceleration of gravity) x height
H i ht i b f l lHeight is above some reference levelPotential energy is always referenced to a zero
level defined in the system
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Gravitational potential energyGravitational potential energy
• E = mgh• EP = mgh• mg = weight• h = height
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Gravitational potential energyGravitational potential energy• EP = mgh • Path to the height is not factor in E• Path to the height is not factor in EP• Horizontal distance is not factor in EP
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Kinetic Energy of MotionKinetic Energy of Motion• EK = mv21EK mv
2
• Work is a change in kinetic energy• W = ∆EKK
• ∆ Delta ‘change’
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Kinetic Energy of MotionKinetic Energy of Motion
• HeatHeat• Sound
El t i it d li ht• Electricity and light
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Kinetic Energy of MotionKinetic Energy of Motion
• W = ∆E Work is change in kinetic energy• W = ∆EK Work is change in kinetic energy• Work-energy theorem
• Net work = force x distance W = Fd– Due to net force
2mv E
2mv Fd =
2K E = 2 Fd
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Conservation of EnergyConservation of Energy
• Cannot be created or destroyedCannot be created or destroyed• Can be converted from one form to another
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Kinetic energy and momentumKinetic energy and momentum
• Properties of moving thingsProperties of moving things• Momentum is a vector quantity
b ll d ith it t– can be cancelled with opposite momentum• Kinetic Energy is a scalar quantity
– Cannot ever be cancelled
• http://www.littletheatre.net/Firecracker_Miss/miss_firecracker_contest.htm
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Conservation of EnergyConservation of Energy
• Transformation fromTransformation from one form to another
• Potential energy of• Potential energy of stretched rubber of slingshotslingshot
• Transformed to ki ti f kkinetic energy of rock flying through air
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Conservation of EnergyConservation of Energy
• Rock transfers itsRock transfers its kinetic energy to the object it hitsobject it hits
• May be transformed to heat upon impactto heat upon impact
• Energy cannot be t d d t dcreated or destroyed
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Conservation of EnergyConservation of Energy
• http://science.howstuffworks.com/roller-coaster.htm
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Conservation of EnergyConservation of Energy
E 10000 J E 0 J• EP = 10000 J EK = 0 J
• EP = 7500 J EK = 2500 JEP = 7500 J EK = 2500 J
• EP = 5000 J EK = 5000 JP K
• EP = 2500 J EK = 7500 J
• EP = 0 J EK = 10000 J
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Conservation of EnergyConservation of Energy
• Does a car use more energy when itsDoes a car use more energy when its lights are on?
• What about when the air conditioner is on?
• How about using the radio when the gengine is off?
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WorkWork
Transference of EnergyTransference of EnergyWork = Force x distance
W=FdW=FdWork into system = work out of systemo to syste o out o syste
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WorkWork• Lifting load against the force of the weightLifting load against the force of the weight
of the object• Move an object twice as far results in twiceMove an object twice as far results in twice
the work• Move two object (Twice the weight) theMove two object (Twice the weight) the
same distance as one is twice the work• Nothing about time in definitionNothing about time in definition• Slow or fast• Same force same distance = same work• Same force, same distance = same work
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Work W=FdWork W Fd
• Twice the weightTwice the weight• Twice the distance
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Work W=FdWork W Fd• Units of work are Newton-meters,Units of work are Newton meters,
same as Joules
JmkgmmkgmNdF =⋅
=⋅
==2mkgmmkgmNdF ⋅
=⋅
==2
mNdF = mmkgmNdF =⋅
==dF = Js
ms
mNdF ==⋅=⋅=⋅22 s
ms
mNdF =⋅=⋅=⋅22
mNdF ⋅=⋅ ms
mNdF =⋅=⋅=⋅2
dF =⋅
• SO Work is energy• SO Work is energy
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Work is Energy
• Same units
Work is Energy
Same units• Work occurs with transfer of energy
W k h t t ti l• Work occurs when you store potential energy
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Work is EnergyMechanical energy
M i thi h t f
Work is Energy
Moving things—has two forms
1. Potential mechanical energyWaiting to workg
2. Kinetic mechanical energy2. Kinetic mechanical energy Work being done
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Work is Energy
• Energy stored
Work is Energy
Energy stored in bow
• Work is done to• Work is done to create the potential energypotential energy
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PowerPower• Work done over timeWork done over time
i t lti doneWork Power =
intervaltime
k 2• Units: watt
smkg
=⋅3
2
s
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PowerPower• Half the timeenergy
P =Twice the powertime
energy P =
• Twice the time=Half the power
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Power: P = energy/time
• Fuel burn
Power: P energy/time
Fuel burn• Biodiesel
• http://www.alternativefuels.com.au/Biodiesel/dragster.htm
• http://www.lilligren.com/Redneck/redneck_lawnmower.htm
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Work, Energy and PowerWork, Energy and PowerWater b hi d thbehind the dam
Potential energygy
Convert it to electrical energy
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Work and EnergyWork and Energy
• EP transformed to another form of energyEP transformed to another form of energy• Kinetic energy of motion