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Module 1 :OSI Model Overview
Irwan WardoyoBrainmatics
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Jaringan komputer adalah kumpulan beberapa komputerdan perangkat lainnya yang saling terhubung satu samalainnya melalui media perantara.
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Berdasarkan area atau skala Local Area Network (LAN)
Local Area Network (LAN) adalah sebuah jaringan tunggal yangmeliputi satu daerah geografis tertentu dan menyediakan layananserta aplikasi hanya untuk orang-orang dalam suatu strukturorganisasi, misalnya kantor dan kampus.
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Berdasarkan area atau skala Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN) adalah jaringan yang menghubungnkandua LAN atau lebih dengan lokasi yang terpisah-pisah secarageografis dengan menggunakan penyedia layananantelekomunikasi.
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Berdasarkan area atau skala internet
internet adalah kumpulan dari jaringan-jaringan komputer yangsaling terhubung secara global. Internet dibangun oleh koneksiberbagai jaringan yang dimiliki oleh Internet Service Provider(ISPs).
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Berdasarkan media penghantar Wire Network
Wire network adalah jaringan komputer yang menggunakan kabelsebagai media penghantarnya.
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Berdasarkan media penghantar Wireless Network
Wireless network adalah jaringan tapa kabel atau nirkabel yangmenggunakan media penghantar gelombang radio.
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Bedasarkan fungsi Client Sever
Di dalam model client/server, perangkat yang meminta (request)informasi atau layanan disebut klien (client) dan perangkat yangmemberikan layanan pada permintaan tersebut disebut server.
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Bedasarkan fungsi Client Sever
Di dalam model client/server, perangkat yang meminta (request)informasi atau layanan disebut klien (client) dan perangkat yangmemberikan layanan pada permintaan tersebut disebut server.
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Peer to PeerPeer to Peer adalah jaringan komputer dimana setiap komputerdapat bertindak sebagai server dan dapat bertindak juga menjadiclient.
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Komponen jaringan komputer Komponen jaringan komputer terdiri dari :
Hardware (device and media)Software (exp:e-mail, web)
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Komponen jaringan komputer Komponen jaringan komputer terdiri dari :
Hardware (device and media)Software (exp:e-mail, web)
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Protokol adalah sebuah aturan yang didefinisikanterlebih dahulu sebelum melakukan komunikasi.
Keberhasilan komunikasi antar host pada suatu jaringanmemerlukan interaksi dari beberapa protokol yangberbeda.
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7. Layer aplikasi berfungsi sebagai antar muka(penghubung) aplikasi dengan fungsi mengaturbagaimana aplikasi dapat mengakses jaringan. Padalayer inilah pengguna berinteraksi dengan jaringan.
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6. Layer presentasi berfungsi untuk mentranslasikan datayang akan ditransmisikan oleh aplikasi. Selain itu untukfungsi enkripsi dan kompresi ditangani juga oleh layerini. Contoh format data yang didukung oleh layerpresentasi antara lain : Text, Data, Graphic, Visual
Image, Sound, Video.
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5. Layer Sesi mendefinisikan bagaimana memulai,mengontrol dan mengakhiri suatu percakapan (biasadisebut session)
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4. Layer transport berfungsi untuk melakukan segmentasiserta memberikan pelabelan untuk setiap segmen.Selain itu bertanggung jawab untuk pengiriman danpenyusunan ulang data untuk masing-masingkomunikasi antar perangkat akhir.
Fungsi yang diberikan oleh layer transport :• Melakukan segmentasi pada layer atasnya• Melakukan koneksi end-to-end•
Mengirimkan segmen dari 1 host ke host yang lainnya• Memastikan reliabilitas data
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Salah satu yang data yang terdapat pada layertransport adalah port number, port number digunakanuntuk mengidentifikasi aplikasi apa yang diguanakanpada layer application
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3. Layer NetworkFungsi utama dari layer network adalah pengalamatandan routing. Pengalamatan pada layer networkmerupakan pengalamatan secara logical, Contohpenggunaan alamat IP.
Fungsi Layer Network• Defines logical source and destination addresses
associated with a specific protocol•
Defines paths through network.• Interconnects multiple data links.
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Internet Protocol (IPv4 dan IPv6) adalah protokol pembawa data pada
Layer 3 yang paling banyak digunakan dan akan menjadi fokus darimata kuliah ini. Seperti yang terlihat di dalam gambar, layanan padalayer Network yang diimplementasikan oleh TCP/IP protocol suiteadalah Internet Protocol (IP).
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2. Layer Data Link
Layer data link merupakan interface penghubung antara Upper layerdengan Lower layer, dan mengatur bagaimanacaranyamenempatkan data pada media.
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1. Layer FisikLayer Fisik bertanggung jawab untuk melakukan proses• Hardware device dan Media• Encoding• Signalling
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Cable 10BASE-T/
100BASE-TX Straight-Through
Pin Label Pin Label
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TX+
TX-
RX+
NC
NC
RX-
NC
NC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TX+
TX-
RX+
NC
NC
RX-
NC
NC
Straight-Through Cable
Wires on cable endsare in same order.a
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Cable 10BASE-T or
100BASE-TX Straight-Through Crossover Cable
Some wires on cableends are crossed.
Pin Label Pin Label
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TX+
TX-
RX+
NC
NC
RX-
NC
NC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TX+
TX-
RX+
NC
NC
RX-
NC
NC
EIA/TIA T568A EIA/TIA T568B
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•
Bagaimana data dikirimkan ?Data dikirimkan melalui jaringan komputer dengan memecah datamenjadi beberapa bagian yang disebut segmen
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•
Bagaimana data dikirimkan ?
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•
Bagaimana data dikirimkan ?
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•
Bagaimana data dikirimkan ?
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•
Bagaimana data dikirimkan ?
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Device Overview
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SwitchBridge
RepeaterHub
Router
Multilayer Switch
Transport
Data Link
Physical
• Reliable or unreliable delivery
• Error correction before retransmit
• Combines bits into bytes andbytes into frames
• Access to media using MAC address
• Error detection not correction
•
Move bits between devices• Specifies voltage, wire speed and
pin-out cables
NetworkProvide logical addressing which routers
use for path determination
Device
Firewall
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Hub
Hosts
Host
10Base2—Thin Ethernet10Base5—Thick Ethernet
10BaseT—Twisted Pair
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A B C D
Physical
•
All devices in the same collision domain• All devices in the same broadcast domain
• Devices share the same bandwidth
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• More end stations meansmore collisions
• CSMA/CD is used
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Data Link
OR1 2 3 1 24
• Each segment has its own collision domain
• All segments are in the same broadcast domain
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• Each segment has its owncollision domain
•
Broadcasts are forwardedto all segments
Memory
Switch
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•
Broadcast control• Multicast control
• Optimal pathdetermination
• Traffic management
• Logical addressing
• Connects to WAN
services
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•
Broadcast control• Multicast control
• Optimal pathdetermination
• Traffic management
• Logical addressing
• Connects to WAN
services
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Hub Bridge Switch Router
Collision Domains:
1 4 4 4
Broadcast Domains:
1 1 1 4
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Stuktur IPv4• Alamat IPv4 terdiri dari 32 bit
• Alamat IPv4 dibagi menjadi 4 oktet (8 bit) yang dipisahkan oleh dotdesimal.
• Alamat IPv4 terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu bagian network danbagian host
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Konversi 8-bit binary ke decimal
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• Alamat Jaringan
Alamat yang merujuk pada suatu jaringan
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• Alamat Broadcast
Suatu alamat khusus yang digunakan untuk mengirimkan data ke semuahost dalam jaringan yang bersangkutan.
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Alamat HostAlamat yang diberikan kepada perangkat di suatu jaringan.
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Blok alamat private adalah:
10.0.0.0 sampai 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
172.16.0.0 sampai 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
192.168.0.0 sampai 192.168.255.25S (192.168.0.0 /16)
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Alamat IP yang tidak dapat digunakan sebagai alamat Host:
• Alamat Network dan alamat Broadcast
• Alamat Default Route (0.0.00/8)
• Alamat Loopback (127.0.0.0/8)
• Local Link 169.254.0.0 s/d 169.254.255.255
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Prefix length adalah banyaknya bit pada alamat tersebut yangmerupakan alamat jaringan. Misalnya, dalam 172.16.4.0 /24, tanda
/24 adalah prefix length yang menunjukkan kepada kita bahwa 24 bitpertama adalah alamat jaringan atau bagian alamat jaringan. Dansisa 8 bit atau oktet terakhir menujukan bagian dari host pada
jaringan tersebut.
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Untuk menentukan bagian jaringan dan bagian host dari suatualamat, perangkat menggunakan pola 32-bit lainnya yang disebutsubnet mask, seperti terlihat pada gambar. Kita menyataan subnetmask dengan format titik desimal yang sama dengan alamat IPv4.Subnet mask diciptakan dengan menempatkan bilangan biner 1pada setiap posisi bit yang mewakili bagian jaringan dan
menempatkan bilangan biner 0 pada setiap posisi bit yang mewakilibagian host.
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•
Ketika suatu packet IPv4 dibuat atau dikirimkan, alamat jaringan tujuanharus diambil dari alamat tujuan. Hal ini dilakukan dengan operasi lojikAND.
• Alamat host IPv4 dioperasikan dengan AND dengan subnet mask-nyauntuk menentukan alamat jaringan yang terkait dengan host tersebut.
•
Logical AND adalah perbandingan dua bit yang akan memberikan hasilberikut ini:
• 1 AND 1 = 1
• 1 AND 0 = 0
•
0 AND 1 = 0• 0 AND 0 = 0
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•
RouterA pada gambar memiliki dua antarmuka untukmenghubungkan dua jaringan. Diberikan sebuah blok alamat192.168.1.0 /24, kita akan membuat dua subnet. Kita meminjamsatu bit dari bagian host dengan menggunakan subnet mask255.255.255.128, bukannya mask asal 255.255.255.0.
• Alamat network : 192.168.1.0(11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000)
• Alamat subnet : 255.255.255.128
(11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000)
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Rumus untuk menghitung subnet
• Gunakan rumus ini untuk menghitung jumlah dari subnet: 2^n, dimana n = jumlah bit yang dipinjam pada host portion
• Dalam contoh ini, perhitungan akan tampak seperti berikut: 2^1 = 2subnet
Jumlah host
• Untuk menghitung jumlah host perjaringan, kita menggunakan rumus 2^n- 2 di mana n = jumlah bit 0 pada host portion.
• Gunakan rumus ini, (2^7 - 2 = 126) menunjukkan bahwa setiap subnet inidapat memiliki 126 host.
Kelipatan Network
• Subnet 1: 00000000 = 0
• Subnet 2: 10000000 = 128
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•
Nilai alamat MAC adalah hasil langsung dari aturan yang diwajibkanoleh IEEE bagi pengembang untuk memastikan alamat yang uniksecara global untuk setiap perangkat Ethernet.
• IEEE memberi syarat kepada pengembang untuk mengikuti duaaturan sederhana:
• Semua alamat MAC yang diberikan pada setiap NIC atau perangkatEthernet lainnya harus menggunakan OUI yang diberikan kepadapengembang sebagai 3 byte pertama.
• Semua alamat MAC dengan OUI yang sama harus diberikan suatunilai unik (kode atau nomer seri dari pengembang) pada 3 byteterakhir.
• Alamat MAC address tersimpan dalam ROM pada NIC, sehinggaalamat ini tidak dapat diubah oleh software
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• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) adalah protokol
yang bertugas untuk menemukan hardware address suatu hostdengan alamat IP tertentu.
• ARP berada di antara layer 2 dan layer 3.
• Ketika suatu IP paket akan dikirim (tentu saja sudah ada alamatpengirim dan penerima), maka paket tersebut diteruskan ke layerdibawahnya (Ethernet atau Token Ring), yang akan memberikanalamat hardware sesuai dengan alamat IP tersebut.
• Jika alamat hardware ini tidak ada di dalam cache ARP, makaARP bertugas mencarinya di dalam jaringan (lokal)
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Aku di sini
13:20:48:35:32:00
10.1.2.3 34:20:48:53:50:14
10.1.2.2
50:53:45:53:19:67
10.1.1.202
Di manakah
kau10.1.1.202?
13:20:48:53:50:23
10.1.1.1
MAC untuk 10.1.1.202 ?
10.1.1.202MAC= 50:53:45:53:19:67
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