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Modification of Indiana’s Hydrologic Cycle
Indiana Watershed Leadership Academy Webinar April 25, 2012
Robert Barr
Center for Earth and Environmental Science Department of Earth Sciences
IUPUI
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(Source Data: USGS DEM)
Glacial Maximums
Indiana’s Physical Setting
Tipton Till Plain Recently Deglaciated (<20,000 yrs)
Older Glacial Terrain (and non-glaciated)
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Indiana’s Hydrologic Cycle
P: 38 in/yr
E / T: 26 in/yr
I : 3.0 - 3.6 in/yr
R: 8.4 - 9.0 in/yr
IDNR
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www.worldbook.com
Average January Temperature
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Henry H. Gray, 2001, Map of Indiana Showing Physiographic Divisions, IGS Misc. Map 69
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Legend
Indiana Ground Water Resources
IDNR
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Meyer, 1995
Approximate location of virgin old-growth forest
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“On the Banks of Fall Creek”
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C. Deam, 1922, Clark State Forest IDNR
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0 - 1 1
1 2 - 2 4
2 5 - 2 9
3 0 - 3 5
3 6 - 3 9
4 0 - 4 5
4 6 - 4 9
5 0 - 6 5
6 6 - 6 9
7 0 - 7 5
7 6 - 7 9
8 0 - 8 5
8 6 - 8 9
9 0 - 1 0 0
Percentage of wetland loss
Source - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Wetland Loss from Time of European Settlement
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Indiana Wetland Loss
James Robb IDEM 2002
24.1% of surface area 5.6 million acres
3.5% of surface area 813,000 acres
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Agricultural Drainage System
• 75-80% of the agricultural areas on the till plain are tile drained
• Tile drains function much like urban storm water drains – Effect is the same
> peak flows, < base flow
• Riparian buffer strips are short-circuited by tile drains
• Results in relatively high chemical loading to streams
Kovacic, 2005
www.extension.umn.edu
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Mount’s Run, Eagle Creek Watershed
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Wastewater Conduits
Storm drains
Ground water Flow Paths
Septic Systems
Impervious Surfaces
Artificial Channels
The Urban Hydrologic System infrastructure driven pathways
Miller, BES
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NRCS, 1956
Historic Land Use, Cheeney Creek Watershed 1956
Hamilton County
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IGIC, 2005
Land Use, Cheeney Creek Watershed, 2005
Hamilton County
Ritchey Woods
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Headwaters of Cheeney Creek, Fishers. IN
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Change in Hydrology after Urbanization
Rain
Event
Time
Disch
arge
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US EPA 1994
Industrial Residential Cropland Forested
Indiana Land Use/Cover
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Alteration of Hydrologic Cycle
• Extensive Alteration of Hydrologic Processes Has Led to the Degradation of Water Resources
– Increased Peak Flows and Decreased Base Flows in Streams
– Increased Flooding and Increased Overall Discharge
– Decrease in Water and Sediment Storage Upstream
– Sediment, Nutrient, and Pathogen Loading Downstream
• High and Variable Contaminant Loads Impacting Both Recreational and Drinking Water Uses of Surface Water
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“The likely increase in precipitation in winter and spring, more heavy downpours, and greater evaporation in summer will lead to more Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States - periods of both floods and water deficits.”
Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, 2009
Climate Change
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Precipitation Trends from 1900 – 2000
Trends per 100 years
+ 20 %
+ 10 %
+ 5 %
- 5 %
- 10 %
- 20 %
Source: Karl et al. (1996)
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Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, 2009 (Updated from Groisman et al. 2004 )
Increases in Average # of Days with Very Heavy Precipitation (>2”), 1958-2007
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Weather Patterns
• Extreme heat will be more common, and the frequency of heavy rainstorms will increase.
• Winter and spring rainfall events are expected to increase in quantity and intensity, resulting in flooding and more municipal and farm runoff.
• The frequency of heavy rainstorms, both 24-hour and multiday, is projected to increase over the next century. These trends are already evident in the region
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Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, 2009
Project Change in Median Runoff (2041-2060)
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Union of Concerned Scientists (2003)
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Restoration of Indiana’s Hydrologic Cycle
• Naturalizing Flow Patterns – Increase Upland Storage
• Increase Groundwater Recharge
• Stabilize Base Flow – Reduction of Overland Flows –
or Interception Prior to Reaching Stream Network
• Reestablish Ecosystem
Functions – Reconnect Floodplains – Restore Streams and Riparian
Corridors – Reestablish Wetland
Complexes
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Reestablish Upland Water Storage
• Focus on Premise that Agricultural and Storm Water Management should NOT be Water Disposal
• Improve Agricultural Water Management Practices
• Improve Storm Water Management Practices (LID Practices)
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Reestablish Stream Functions
• Stream naturalization that combines flood storage with flow naturalization
• Requires upland storage and enhanced infiltration
• Link urban LID stormwater practices with stream mitigation
(Pleasant Run G.C., Indianapolis, IN)
2009
2011
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Utilizing Natural Storage
• 80-day flood of 1993 on the Mississippi River generated 39 million acre-feet of floodwaters (at St Louis)
• Conservative estimate of available flood storage in the watershed indicates that approximately 40 million acre-feet of water could be stored within the existing levees and
outside the levees on existing or drained wetlands. • Spent >$55 million in levee repair
Hey and others, 2004
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Identifying Potential Storage Areas
– GIS-based Tool
– Utilizes
• Land Use/Land Cover
• Soil Drainage Class
• Digital Elevation Models
• Flow Path Modeling
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Potential Upland Water Storage Sites: Eagle Creek Watershed
Total Wetland Area = 1.5% of Watershed Area Wetland Drainage Area = 29% of Watershed Area
On a large scale this indicates that we could potentially moderate runoff in 29% of the watershed
area by using only 1.5% of the land!
M. Babbar-Sebens
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Increase Field Capacity – NRCS Soil Health Initiative
Maloney, 2011
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Challenges for Improving Water Resources
• Agricultural and Urban Storm Water Management Must Go Beyond Water Disposal
• Recognize that Water Resources are All Part of the Same Cycle and Manage Them Together
• Water Cycle Needs to be Managed for both Quality AND Quantity
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William’s Creek, 2007 Webber