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Modernization of Europe
Late 1800’s
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Changes in England• Economy shifts from farming to
manufacturing (industry)• New technologies allow for higher
production of goods. • Consequences:
– Farmers lose land, food supply increases, living conditions improve, people move to cities to work in factories.
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1. Industrialization• Process of developing machine production of
goods instead of by hand. – Textiles (cloth) : spinning jenny made bundles of
thread 8 at a time. Flying shuttle for weaving cloth. Power loom used water to power the weaving process.
– Transportation : Steam engine by James Watt power a vehicle. Canals built to move goods on water. Paved roads made of smooth rock and stones for drainage. Railroads to transport goods over long distances in short amounts of time.
• Impact: increase growth, cheap to transport, jobs, agriculture increases, commuting, vacations, suburbs
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Clockwise from top left
1. Spinning Jenny
2. Power loom
3. Flying shuttle
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Canals
Steam Engine
Transportation times RR in Europe
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Effects of Modernization• Working Conditions
– Dangerous, dirty and unsafe, with harsh discipline– Workers won higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions
• Social Classes– Disparity of social classes– Increased standard of living, created new jobs
• Size of Cities– Urban areas doubled, people flocked to cities for work, specialization– Suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities
• Living Conditions– Lack of sanitation, housing, water, and social services, epidemics
swept city: Cholera– Housing, diet, and clothing improved
• Prosperity took longer for workers• Wealth of nations increased• Inequality among nations• Fostered technological progress & invention
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2. Imperialism
• Because of the new technologies and expansion of industry, there was a need for countries to gain more resources.
• Many countries looked to Africa to gain raw materials that could be used in their country.
• The seizure of lands by a stronger country is known as imperialism.
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Reasons for Imperialism• Place of mystery and untapped resources as
it was not explored like other lands.
• Countries wanted new markets and resources for their expanding economies.
• Believed that the whites were a superior race because other races did not have the technology and development that whites did. (Social Darwinism)
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Impact on Africa• European countries get together and
determine the fate of Africans themselves. In the Berlin Conference, 14 European countries met to divide Africa.
• The Europeans did not consider the ethnic groups that already existed and ignored their social/cultural groups.
• Led to a variety of wars and battles as African people fight for their independence.
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In this picture, you can see how African became almost entirely controlled by European countries during this time period.
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Changes in Society• Problems of Urbanization make people unhappy.
Don’t like how society functions. – Leads to the development of new ways to organize and
structure society to avoid these problems.
• Changes:– Unions - groups that speak for workers and negotiate
with employers. – Reform Laws - improve child/women’s labor, hours,
wages, conditions, etc.
• People also begin to think about how to restructure government and economy.
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3. Government Ideas• Jeremy Bentham - Utilitarianism
– People should judge ideas on their usefulness and government should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
• John Stuart Mill - Equality– Wanted more equality and cooperation.
Did not support unregulated capitalism which would leave some people out.
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Capitalism• Adam Smith and Laissez faire - setting policies
without interference from govt. • Capitalism: economic system in which the
factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.
• 3 natural laws of Capitalism– Law of self interest - work for own good– Law of competition - makes better products– Law of supply and demand - goods sold at low prices
to meet demands of people
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Socialism
• Contradicts capitalism– Businesses are owned by the public and
should operate for the good of all people. – Government should end poverty and
promote equality among all citizens. – Believe that capitalism allows a small few
to gain all control (monopolies)
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4. Nationalism
• Countries begin to develop feelings of nationalism after the Congress of Vienna. There are groups of people who develop a desire to organize and form their own countries.
• Leads to the unification of Germany and Italy (see PowerPoint on the Unification of these two countries.)