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Modern Greek History
D. Tsokos Filiki Etaireia
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Before the Revolution
• The Greek war of independence (1821-1830) was motivated by the desire for self-determination, free thought, education, and joining the civilized nations of Europe.
• The movement was an organized effort, with certain objectives
• Western influences are largely responsible, but also Greek intellectual activity.
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The Beginning of the War
Lipparini: Revolution Vryzakis: Oath
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War of Independence
• 1821 begins. The Greeks rapidly prevail in the Peloponnese, which had a very small Muslim population.
• The Sultan retaliates with mindless slaughter of civilian populations in defenseless islands (Chios, Psara), which capture Western Imagination
• The Great Powers of the time, although instinctively against revolts, change their policy and become sympathetic to the Greek Cause
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Delacroix: The Slaughter of Chios
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Egyptian Deal
• Egyptian Intervention (with a strong navy), nearly extinguishes the revolution.
• However, pro-Hellenic sentiment grows stronger in western Europe, and Byron’s death in the city functions as a strong propaganda in favor of the revolutionaries
Delacroix: Liberty on the Ruins of Messolongi
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Carneray: The destruction of the Egyptian Fleet at the bay of Navarino, by the British, French and Russian Fleet (1826)
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The Independent Greek State
• The Sultan was forced to acknowledge the creation of a small Greek State.
• King Othon, a German prince, brings with him a Bavarian ensemble, which plays an important role in the organization of the new state according to Western models.
• 1834: The Bavarians move the capital to Athens.
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James Skene: Othonic Athens
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Othonic Athens
• Athens under Othon remains a small town, but quickly establishes itself as the center of Hellenism. Much of the literature still comes from the Ionian Islands.
• For the next 50 years, Athens will re-establish the bonds with its past.
C. Perlberg Athens
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Georgian Athens
• 1862 Othon is forced to leave. He is succeeded by George I (until 1913).
• In this period the city becomes a center for literature and arts, and becomes prosperous by the end of the century.
Folk Art: Othon Leaving
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The Union with Crete
• The struggle of Crete for independence from Ottoman rule has been well recorded in literature (Kazantzakis, Kapetan Michalis).
• 1897 Autonomy• 1909 Union
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The Balkan wars (1912-13)
• The Balkan nations revolt and drive the Turks out of Europe.
• The Greeks take advantage and acquire Macedonia and Thrace. The size of the country doubles, more or less to its present borders.
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The 1st World War
• WW1: Greece fights side by side with victorious allies.
• But it gains nothing, and loses a lot.
• Catastrophe in Asia Minor.
• Myrivilis: Life in the Tomb.
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Midwar Athens
• Athens in the 1930’s catches up with world depression.
• The wounds of the Catastrophe in Asia Minor and the world economic crisis create a depressed mood.
• The suicide of Karyotakis
Kostas Karyotakis
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WW2
• 1940 Italian Invasion of Greece is resisted successfully.
• 1941: Hitler comes to the aid of Musolini, and the Germans occupy Greece until 1944.
• Greece remains firmly pro-Western.
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Civil War
• As the invading forces leave, the Greeks are divided between those who seek to remain in the west, and those who want to join the Eastern Block.
• British/American intervention ensures that Greece will remain Western.
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1950’s and 60’s
• Greece like most of Europe is recovering from the devastation of WW2. In this case also from the evils of the civil war.
• Simultaneously, quietly but steadily a social revolution takes place which was going to change the country for ever.
• The role of the Church lessens, the families become small, women and minority groups acquire guaranteed rights, education and healthcare become universal.
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The junta: 1967-1974
• In a paranoid cold war senario, a tyrannical regime is established.
• Freedoms of speech, thought, and expression are expressly forbidden
• Torture and exile are part of the regime’s tactics. Polytechneio: The
Technical University of Athens: A symbol
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The invasion of Cyprus
• The Turkish army invaded Cyprus in 1974, and effectively (but illegally) divided the island.
• The Greeks still consider the US largely responsible for the tragedy of Cyprus
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The politics of Modern Greece
• Two main parties and many smaller ones.
• The socialist party has dominated Greek politics since 1981.
• Liberalization• Egalitarianism• Fervent adherence to
European Ideal
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The New Europe
• 1960: Treaty of Rome creates Common Market
• 1973: EEC• 1992: Treaty of
Maastricht creates the European Union (EU)
• 2002: Monetary Union in 12 countries (EURO)