Download - Modalverbsofobligation 120507164938-phpapp02
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Modal verbsofobligation
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mustor
have to
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mustor
have to
modal
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mustor
have to
indicative ‘helping verb’
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be careful with+ive—ive?ive
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be careful with+ive—ive?ive
in both form and meaning
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form
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I must go.
I have to go.
+ive
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He must go.
He has to go.
+ive
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You mustn’t go.
I don’t have to go.
—ive
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Must she go?
Does she have to go?
?ive
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-
She had to go.
past
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meaning
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+ive
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I must wash my hair.
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You must arrive early.
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must [+ive] expressesstrong personal
obligation
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personal obligation means:- dictated by people- imposed by a 1st or 2nd person- what the speaker or listener wants
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Must is also used in formal regulations and warnings
Bookings must be made at least seven days before departure.
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I have to get up early tomorrow.
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Policemen have to weara uniform.
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In tennis, you have to hit the ball over the net.
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have to [+ive] expressesstrong impersonal
obligation
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impersonal obligation means:- dictated by circumstance- dictated by a 3rd person- other people’s wishes - laws- rules
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—ive
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You mustn’t smoke in here.
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You mustn’t tell anyone.
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must [—ive] expressesstrong negative obligation
or prohibition
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We don’t have to get up earlyat weekends.
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You don’t have to tell your parents if you don’t want.
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have to [—ive] expressesabsence of obligation
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have to [—ive] expressesabsence of obligation—there’s no need—
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we can expressthe same concept
(with different emphasis)using ‘can’
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We don’t have to get up earlyat weekends.
We can get up earlyif we want.
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?ive
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Must I eat the vegetables?
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must [?ive] is rarebetween adults
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must [?ive] is used when children talk to
figures of authority(parents, school teachers, etc)
with the meaning:“is it really necessary for me
to do this thing?”
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you can ignoremust [?ive]
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Do I have to do my homework for next Monday?
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Do they have to book the exam?
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have to [?ive] is used for (almost) all questions about
obligations
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past
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I must go to the dentistnext week.
I had to go to the dentistlast week.
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I must go to the dentistnext week.
I had to go to the dentistlast week.
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+ive —ive ?ive
must
personal obligationI must wash my hair
negative obligationYou mustn’t tell anyone.
notused-
have to
impersonal obligationI have to go to the dentist.
absence of obligationWe don’t have to get up early.
allquestionsDo I have to do it for Monday?
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Practice1 must go to bed2 must find out 3 don’t have to answer4 has to vote5 must throw out6 mustn’t hit your opponent7 must come round8 have to get
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9 have to take off 10 must turn down 11 have to pay taxes12 don’t have to go to work
taken from Oxford English Grammar Course byMichael Swan & Catherine Walter
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http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/have-to
http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/musthaveto/menu.php
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www.davidnicholson.it
adapted by V. Pardo