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Mitigation of Methane Emissions from Rice Paddy Fields in Japan
Akira NAGATAMAFF
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
JAPANMarch 2010
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Outline
Methane Emissions from Rice Paddy Fields
Mechanism of Methane Emissions
Measures to Reduce Methane Emissions
Policy and Measures to Reduce Methane Emissions from Rice Paddy Fields in Japan
Potential and Challenges
Conclusion
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METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE PADDY FIELDS
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Methane Emissions from Rice Paddy Fields –Global
Agriculture accounts for 10‐12% of total global anthropogenic GHG emissions
Agriculture accounts for 50% of methane emissions
Rice production accounts for 11%
of total non‐ CO2
emissions from agricultureSouth and East Asia accounts for 82% of total
methane emissions from rice production
(IPCC 4th
Assessment Report, Chapter 8 Agriculture)
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Non‐CO2
Emissions from Agriculture
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Methane Emissions from Rice Paddy Fields –Japan
Agriculture accounts for 2‐3% of total GHG emissions
Agriculture accounts for 68% of total methane emissions
Enteric Fermentation 31% Rice Cultivation 25%
Methane emissions from agriculture in 2007 decreased by 15% from 1990 level
Enteric Fermentation ‐7%Rice Cultivation ‐19%
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Methane Emissions from Agriculture in Japan
[1000tonCO2‐e]
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MECHANISM OF METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE PADDY FIELDS
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Mechanism of Methane Emissions from Rice Paddy Fields
FloodingFlooding
Methane producing
bacteria
Methane producing
bacteria
MethaneMethane
Methan e
Methan e
Organic
material
Organic
material
Anaerobic decomposition
Rice straw, etc
Rice paddy field
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MEASURES TO REDUCE METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE PADDY FIELDS
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Measures to reduce Methane Emissions from Rice Paddy Fields
Water managementMid‐season drainage (“Nakaboshi”)Intermittent floodingUnderdrainage
Organic material managementReduction of organic material amendment such as
rice straw
Crop managementDevelopment of new varieties
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Water Management
Activity of methane producing bacteria is inhibited under oxidizing condition of paddy
soil by water management
Mid‐season drainage (“Nakaboshi”)In mid‐June, for 5‐7days
Intermittent floodingFrom July, 3 days flooding with 2 days drainage
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Water Management Practice on Rice Paddy Field in Japan
Rooting stage
Tillering stage
Productive tiller stage
Reproductive stage
Grain filling stage
Deep flooding
Mid‐season drainage
Deep flooding
Intermittent flooding
Drainage
Shallow flooding
30 days after heading13
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Mid‐season Drainage
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Effect of Mid‐season Drainage
Controlling nitrogen absorptionReducing non‐productive tiller
Increasing lodging resistance
Keeping oxidative soil conditionMaintaining / promoting root activity
Increasing
productivity and
quality of rice
Decreasing methane emissions
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Effect of Intermittent Flooding
Keeping oxidative soil conditionMaintaining / promoting root activity
Smooth ripening
Increasing soil bearing capacitySmooth operation of agricultural machineries
Increasing
productivity and
quality of rice
Decreasing methane emissions
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Organic Material Management
Methane emissions depend on the type and amount of organic amendment applied
Rice straw, animal manure, green manure, compost, agricultural waste
Methane emissions from fermented amendments
are significantly lower than non‐
fermented amendmentsCompost, residue of biogas pitsContain much less easily decomposable carbon
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Effect of Application of Compost
Providing rice with plant nutrition
Retaining plant nutrition
Promoting plant growth
Developing aggregate structure of soil
Increasing production stability and quality of rice
Decreasing methane emissions and
sequestrating carbon18
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Conversion of Rice Straw Application into Composted Manure Application
Type of soil Straw
amendmentVarious
compost
amendment
No‐
amendment
Lowland soil 19.1(100) 15.3(80) 12.2(64)Gley soil 17.8(100) 13.8(78) 11.0(62)
[gCH4
/m2/year, (%)]
Methane emission factor for intermittently flooded paddy fields
Decrease approximately 20% 19
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POLICY AND MEASURES TO REDUCE METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE
PADDY FIELDS IN JAPAN20
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Target for conversion of rice straw application into composted manure
application
Kyoto Protocol
Target Achievement Plan
Organic Material Management
6:2:2 4:4:2
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Exchange of Rice Straw and Composted Animal Manure
Rice straw
Composted manureCrop
farmersLivestock
farmers
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Composted Manure and Application
Composting process Applying composted manure
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Water Management
Mid‐season drainage and intermittent flooding is conventional practice in Japan
No additionality
Extension of the duration of mid‐season drainage can significantly reduce methane emissions
according to the condition such as climate, soil, rice variety.
Methane emission factor for extension of the duration of mid‐season drainage for National Inventory Report is not available
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Demonstrating possible water management such as extension of duration of mid‐season drainage, considering impact on productivity and quality of rice
Developing emission factor for National Inventory Report
Disseminating the new water management technique
Extension of Duration of Mid‐season Drainage
“Study on New Water Management Technique to Reduce Methane Emissions”
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Location of Demonstration
YamagataShonai
FukushimaNiigata
GifuAichi
TokushimaKumamotoKagoshima
40ºº
35ºº
30ºº
45ºº
135ºº 140ºº130ºº 145ºº
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Result of Demonstration Study
Place : Fukushima prefecture Method : Extending duration of mid‐season
drainage for 1 week/2 weeks longer than conventional practice
Result :1 week 2 weeks
Methane emissions ‐34% ‐58%
Yield ‐2% ‐18%
N2
O emissions were negligibly smallQuality of rice increased
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POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES
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Potential and Challenges ‐Potential
Potential for mitigation of methane emissions from rice paddy fields to be marketed in Asian countries is huge
CDM (Clean Development Mechanism), Emissions Trading, etc.
Formulation of projects for reducing methane emissions from rice paddy fields by water
management such as intermittent flooding is very important
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Potential and Challenges ‐Challenges
Quantitative assessment of methane emissions and potential for mitigation
Cost‐effect analysis for the project
Monitoring/Verification for the activity
Infrastructure for water management
Institution for water management
Organizer of the project
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CONCLUSION
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Conclusion
Methane emissions from rice paddy fields is one of the major sources of non‐CO2 GHGs
from agriculture
Water management and organic material management are significant for reducing
methane emissions from rice paddy fields
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Conclusion
Mid‐season drainage and intermittent flooding are effective for increasing
productivity and quality of rice as well as reducing methane emissions in Japan
Mitigation of methane emissions from rice paddy fields by water management has huge
potential to be marketed
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