Download - Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi
![Page 1: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MITIGASI INTRUSI AIR LAUT
![Page 2: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
About 70 % of the world population lives in coastal areas (Bear, 1999)
The addition of as little as 2 % of seawater to freshwater can cause it to be undrinkable (Deming, 2003)
![Page 3: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
INTRUSI AIRLAUT
Saltwater Intrusion is the migration of saltwater into freshwater aquifers under the influence of groundwater development (Freeze and Cherry, 1979)
![Page 4: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
DAMPAK INTRUSI AIRLAUT (Notodarmojo, 2005)
1. Penurunan kualitas airtanah: Pengaruh salinitas:
< 600 mg/L khlorida, ambang batas rasa asin manusia
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 46/1990: < 500 mg/L khlorida, batas syarat air bersih
< 250 mg/L khlorida, batas syarat air minum
2. Terganggunya produktivitas beberapa tanaman.
3. Mempengaruhi struktur tanah liat menjadi kurang baik.
![Page 5: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
TDS OF WATER SOURCE (MARKS, 2004)
Drinking water < 1000 mg/L TDS (WHO, 1984)
Drinking water < 500 mg/L TDS (EPA, 2002)
< 3% salinity content of world’s water safe for human consumption
![Page 6: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
RECOGNITION OF SEA WATER IN GROUND WATER
Sample number:
(1) Normal good ground water in aquifer
(2) Slightly contaminated ground water
(3) Moderately contaminated ground water
(4) Injuriously contaminated ground water
(5) Highly contaminated ground water
(6) Sea water
(Todd, 1959)
![Page 7: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
MONITORING TECHNIQUES Conventional Vs Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT)
(Antonsson et. al.,2006)
![Page 8: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
MITIGATION, CONTROL, AND PREVENTION
![Page 9: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
DEFINISI MITIGASI (1)
• Structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation and technological hazards. www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm
• With respect to an undertaking, the elimination, reduction or control of the adverse effects or the significant environmental effects of the undertaking, and may include restitution for any damage to the environment caused by such effects through replacement, restoration, compensation or any ... www.gov.ns.ca/enla/ea/glossary.asp
• A process of minimizing or compensating for damages to natural habitats, caused by human developments. These activities are designed to decrease the degree of damage to an ecosystem. They may include restoration, enhancement, or creation. ... www.ag.iastate.edu/centers/iawetlands/Glossary.html
![Page 10: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
DEFINISI MITIGASI (2)
CEQA Guidelines Definition 15370 states: "Mitigation" includes: (a) avoiding the impact altogether by not taking an action or certain parts of an action; (b) minimizing impacts by limiting the degree or magnitude of the action and its implementation; (c) rectifying the impact by repairing ... buttecreekwatershed.org/ecr/new/glossary.htm
![Page 11: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
CONTROL OF SEAWATER INTRUSION (Basri, 2001)
1. Hydrodynamic control
Maintain seaward gradient
2. Extraction wells
a) Extract seawater before it reaches production wells
b) Combines extraction wells with injection wells
3. Physical containment
Impermeable or semi-impermeable sub-surface barrier
![Page 12: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CONTROL AND REMEDIATION OF SALTWATER INTRUSION
(DEMING, 2003)
• Dependent upon the geologic circumstances in each case geologic study:
To identify the causes of the saltwater intrusion.
To identify the mechanism(s) by which it is occuring.
• Approaches to controlling saltwater intrusion: Construct barierrs
Change the distribution of head
• A monitoring network should be installed
![Page 13: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
APPROACHES TO PREVENTION OR CONTROL OF SEAWATER INTRUSION
Re-arrangement of pumping pattern Bank and Rictor (1953)
Artificial recharge Todd (1959)
Hydraulic barrier ridge Linsley and Franzini
(1979)
Sub-surface barrier Kashef (1986)
Pumping trough Basri (2001)
Economic incentives and regulations Deming (2003)
Desalination Zekri (2007)
Alternate source of water Sorensen
Dwinanto & Iman, 2007
![Page 14: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
MODIFICATION OF PUMPING
Effect of pumping position on sea water intrusion into a coastal confined aquifer:
(a) Pumping near coast;
(b) Pumping inland.
(Todd, 1959)
![Page 15: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
PUMPING TROUGH
Control of sea water intrusion by a pumping trough paralleling the coast
(Todd, 1959)
![Page 16: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
RECHARGE WELL
Sand model results showing successive positions of a salt water wedge in a confined aquifer after recharging (a) at a small rate and (b) at a large rate through a well intersecting the wedge (after Harder and others)
![Page 17: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
SUB-SURFACE BARRIER
Disadvantages:
• Very expensive due to construction cost (Rogoshewski, 1983; Hanson and Nilsson, 1986; EPA, 1987; Todd, 1980);
• Procedural difficulties of a political, social, and economic nature (US EPA);
• Resistance to earthquake to chemical corrosion (Todd, 1980);
• Limited availability of advanced technology involved and specialty firms capable in constructing barrier (Rogoshewski, 1983)
An illustration of sub-surface barrier (Aiba, 1983) (a) Seawater intrusion advancing Inland (b) Seawater intrusion impeded by a subsurface barrier
![Page 18: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
PRESSURE RIDGE
Control of sea water intrusion by a pressure ridge paralleling the coast
![Page 19: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
DESALINATION
In 1970, over 200 plants throughout the world were producing a total of over 50 mgd (190,000 m3/day).
Methods:
• Distillation
• Freezing
• Demineralization
• Electrodialysis
• Reverse osmosis
Kuwait: flash distillation, 5 mgd (220 liters/sec).
Desalination Cost in 1978 (Linsley & Franzini, 1979)
![Page 20: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
REVERSE OSMOSIS COST (Marks, et. al., 2004)
![Page 21: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Zekri, 2007
![Page 23: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ECONOMIC INCENTIVES AND REGULATIONS (Zekri, 2007)
Strategies to control groundwater pumping based on:
• Water quotas,
• Electricity quotas, and
• Electricity pricing.
![Page 24: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
FRESHWATER INJECTION BARRIER
In South California
(Schwartz & Zhang, 2003)
![Page 25: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
CONTROLLING INTRUSION AT MANHATTAN BEACH, CALIFORNIA
Top – initial condition
Bottom – two years after recharge
12 inchi recharge wells surronded by 3-in. gravel pack were spaced at 500-ft intervals to form a line 4000 ft long.
The combined total injection rate for the eight wells was about 5 cfs.
5% wasted to the ocean, 95% will flow landward.
(Todd, 1959)
![Page 26: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOCURCES
Predictive Modelling of Future Conditions
Monitoring
Measurement of Existing Conditions
Modifications
![Page 27: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
WHAT CAN HELP REDUCE SEAWATER INTRUSION?
USGS Fact Sheet 057-00, April 2000
Seawater intrusion on Lopez Island can be minimized by water conservation, efficient well construction, and by judicious well-operation practices like these: • Using such water-conserving devices as low-volume plumbing
fixtures and toilets. • Keeping outdoor watering to a minimum. • Reusing or recycling water when possible. • Augmenting fresh ground-water recharge by, for example, using
surface ponds to slow surface runoff and raise infiltration rates. • Constructing wells that do not penetrate deeper below sea level
than necessary. • Sizing pumps for lower pumping rates and minimizing lengths of
pumping cycles. • In multiple-well systems, pumping wells alternately.
![Page 28: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
US. PATENT
Control and Prevention of Seawater Intrusion
![Page 29: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MONITORING THE ADVANCE OF SEAWATER INTO FRESH WATER AQUIFERS NEAR COASTAL CITIES
Inventors:
David J. Rossi, Katy;
Willem A. Wijnberg, Houston;
Peter V. Howard, Belleville;
Jean-Pierrre R. Delhomme, Boulogne-Billancourt;
Kamal Babour, Bures sur Yvette.
![Page 30: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
MEANS FOR DESALINATION OF WATER THROUGH REVERSE OSMOSIS
Inventor:
Robert A. Uhlinger, Carlsbad, Calif.
![Page 31: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
SALTWATER INTRUSION PREVENTION SYSTEM
Inventor: Wayne W. Spani, Mission Viejo, CA (US)
![Page 32: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
SEA WATER DESALINIZATION SYSTEM
Inventor: Lincoln A. Vlasnik, 1422 Beckwith Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. 90049
![Page 33: Mitigasi Intrusi Air Laut - Presentasi](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081720/5520ecdc4979597a2f8b5046/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
PUSTAKA Todd, D. K., 1959, Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley & Sons Freeze, R. A., Cherry, J. A., 1979, GROUNDWATER, Prentice-Hall Linsley, R. K., Franzini, J. B., 1979, Water Resources Engineering 3rd edition,
McGraw-Hill Kashef, A. I., 1986, Groundwater Engineering, McGraw-Hill International
Editions Domenico, P. A., Schwartz, F. W.,1990, Physical and Chemical
Hydrogeology, John Wiley & Sons Soliman, M. M., LaMoreaux, P. E., Memon, B. A., Assaad, F. A., LaMoreaux,
J. W., 1998, Environmental Hydrogeology, Lewis Publishers Orr, L., 2000, Is Seawater Intrusion Affecting Ground Water on Lopez Island,
Washington, USGS Fact Sheet 057-00 Basri, M. H., 2001, The New Methods for Optimal Design of Subsurface
Barrier to Control Seawater Intrusion, Ph.D Thesis in Department of Civil and Geological Engineering University of Manitoba.
Deming, D., 2002, Introduction to Hydrogeology, McGraw-Hill Hendrayana, H., 2002, Intrusi Air Asin ke dalam Akuifer di Daratan, Zaitunah, A., 2002, Kajian Keberadaan Hutan Mangrove: Peran, Dampak
Kerusakan, dan Usaha Konservasi, USU digital library. Schwartz, F. W., Zhang, H., 2003, Fundamentas of Groundwater, Wiley Marks, D. H., et.al, 2004, Review of the Desalination and Water Purification
Technology Roadmap, The National Academic Press Notodarmojo, S., 2005, Pencemaran Tanah dan Airtanah, Penerbit ITB Prieto, C., 2005, Groundwater-Seawater Interactions: Seawater Intrusion,
Submarine Groundwater Discharge, and Temporal Variability and Randomness Effects, Ph.D Thesis in KTH.
Cameo, E. A., 2006, Seawater Intrusion in Complex Geological Environments, Ph.D Thesis in Technical University of Catalonia.
Sherif, M., Kacimov, A., …, Control of Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers by Pumping Saline Water, College of Engineering.
Mirosoft Student with Encarta 2008 US Patent
Haturnuhun …