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MineralsChapter 3
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Naturally Occurring Minerals must occur
naturally. Cannot be man made. Cement, bricks, steel,
and glass all come from materials found in the earth, but these are made by people.
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Inorganic Inorganic materials
were never living. Coal is made from
the remains of ancient plants and animals, so coal is not a mineral.
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Minerals Naturally occurring Inorganic solid Crystal structure Definite chemical
composition
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Solid The state of matter
when the material is below its freezing point.
Definite shape, definite volume.
Particles are fixed in place.
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Crystal Structure The particles of the
material line up in a regular, repeating pattern.
Has flat sides called faces, that meet at sharp edges and corners.
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Definite Chemical Composition Always contains certain
elements in the same proportion.
Almost all minerals are compounds, which are two or more different elements bonded together (holding hands).
Pyrite is two sulfur atoms holding hands with an atom of iron.
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Chemical Formula’s Have a definite format. Written together means
they are bonded. Coefficients tell how
many of the whole thing you have.
Subscripts tell how many of the atom before it that you have.
So 2H means two separate hydrogen atoms.
H2 mean two hydrogen atoms holding hands.
H2O means two hydrogen atoms holding hands with an oxygen atom.
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More Formula’s 2 H2O means you have
two separate water molecules, each containing two hydrogen and one oxygen atom.
Bornite is a copper ore that turns purple when exposed to air. It’s formula is Cu5FeS4.
So how many of each atom are present?
Five copper one iron four sulfur
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Identifying Minerals Each mineral has
specific properties that can be used to identify it.
Hardness density luster color streak crystal system cleavage and fracture special properties
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Hardness A measure of how
easily a mineral can be scratched.
Determined by the atomic structure of the mineral.
Friedrich Mohs developed the scale we use today.
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Density Minerals will have a
certain density regardless of the size of the sample.
When geologists compare the weight of the mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water it is called specific gravity.
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Color Not especially useful
in identifying minerals, as some minerals like quartz can come in a variety of colors.
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Luster The way a mineral
reflects light. Can be metallic or
non-metallic. Shiny or dull. Earthy, waxy, pearly,
glassy.
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Streak The color of its
powder. Not always the same
as the color of the mineral.
Pyrite has a gold color, but its streak is a greenish black.
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Gemstones
Gemstones are highly valued for their beauty and rarity, than for their usefulness.
Important gemstones include diamond, sapphire, ruby, emerald, aquamarine, topaz, and tourmaline.
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RocksChapter 4
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Rocks are: A solid made of one or
more minerals and other materials.
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Classifying Rocks Rocks are classified based on how they were
formed.
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Identifying Rocks Rocks are further identified by: color texture mineral composition
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Types of Rock
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Section 1 The Rock CycleChapter 4
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Texture
Texture is the quality of a rock that is based on the sizes, shapes, and positions of the rock’s mineral grains.
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Composition Composition is the chemical makeup of a rock.
Composition can describe either the minerals or other materials in the rock.
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Grains Particles of minerals
that make up a rock. Texture is determined
by grain size, grain shape, and grain pattern.
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Grain Size Some rocks have
grains that are large and easy to see.
These rocks are coarse grained.
Other rocks have grains so small they are microscopic.
These are fine grained rocks.
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Grain Shape Grains can be: fine sand crystals fragments that can be
smooth or jagged
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Grain Pattern Grains can lie flat in
layers like a stack of pancakes.
Some have patterns that look like waves or swirls
Some resemble rows of beads.
Others will have random patterns.
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No Visible Grain Some rocks resemble
pieces of glass. These rocks cooled
very quickly so crystals did not have time to grow.
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Mineral Composition Since rocks are really
combinations of minerals, geologists must slice their samples into very thin pieces to test which minerals are present.
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Origin of Rocks Rocks are classified by
the way they are formed. Igneous rocks: formed
from the cooling of molten rock.
Sedimentary rocks: formed from sediments being compacted and cemented.
Metamorphic rocks: existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.
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Igneous Rocks
Identified by origin, texture, and mineral composition.
From the Latin word “ignis,” which means fire.
Tend to have average densities.
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Extrusive Igneous Rock Extrusive rock is
formed from lava that erupted on the surface and rapidly cooled. Will have tiny crystals, be very fine grained, and sometimes even appear glassy.
Basalt is most common of this type.
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Basalt Forming
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Intrusive Igneous Rock Forms when magma
cools underground. Usually cools slowly,
so it will have large crystals and be coarse grained.
Granite is most common intrusive rock.
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Large Crystals Lava at the surface
cools quickly, so crystals do not have time to grow.
Rock is a good insulator, so rock cooling underground takes much longer. So intrusive rock will have larger crystals.
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Explain This! How would you explain
an intrusive rock that had both large and small crystals?
Right! It must have cooled slowly at first, then cooled more rapidly as it got closer to the surface.
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Porphyritic Rock These rocks look like
Jell-O with fruit mixed in.
Deep underground the heat cannot dissipate as rapidly, so the rock cools slowly. Near the surface the heat can escape into the air, so it cools rapidly.
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Felsic Igneous Rock Lighter colored
igneous rocks will have lots of silica.
They tend to be less dense than the darker versions.
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Mafic Igneous Rock Less silica means
these rocks will be darker than their felsic counterpart.
They will be denser also.
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Little silica →→→→→→→→→→→→ lots of silica
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Sill Slab of volcanic rock
that squeezes between rock layers.
Tend to be horizontal.
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Dike
Slab of volcanic rock that cuts across rock layers.
Tend to be vertical.
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Batholith
A very large mass of volcanic rock that form deep underground.
Can cover several states in the USA.
Stone Mountain might be part of an exposed batholith.
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Stock Smaller area of volcanic rock than a batholith Stone Mountain might be a stock that is
exposed.
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Sedimentary Rocks Formed from particles
of sediment deposited by wind and water.
Sediment is small pieces of solid materials that come from rocks or living things.
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Origins of Sedimentary Rock
Wind, water, ice, sunlight, and gravity all cause rock to physically weather into fragments.
Through erosion, these rock and mineral fragments, called sediment, are moved from one place to another.
The sediment is deposited in layers, and eventually newer layers cover the older layers.
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Section 3 Sedimentary RockChapter 4
Sedimentary Rock Cycle
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
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Question? What do these rocks
have in common?
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Stratification Yes, all these rocks
are layered or “stratified.”
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Forming Sedimentary Rock
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Weathering The process by which
exposed rock is broken down into small pieces by the elements of nature (wind, rain, ice, chemical actions, plants, etc.)
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Erosion Occurs when water or
wind loosens rock and soil and carries it away.
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Deposition The process by which
the sediment settles out of the water or air carrying it.
Sediment is deposited when the wind or water slows down.
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Compaction As the sediments settle they will loosely fit on top of
each other. As the years go by, more and more sediment is added. The bottom layers get compacted by the weight of the
layers above them.
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Cementation While compaction is
going on, minerals in the rock slowly dissolve.
The dissolved minerals seep into the spaces between the compacted sediment.
They crystallize and glue the sediments together.
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Lithification The process by which
sediment becomes sedimentary rock.
From Greek word “lithos,” which means rock.
Erosion Deposition Compaction Cementation
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Types of Sedimentary Rocks Clastic: formed when
rock fragments are squeezed together.
Organic: (biological) formed from the remains of living things.
Chemical: formed when dissolved minerals crystallize.
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Clastic Sedimentary Rock
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Shale Clastic rock formed
from tiny particles of clay.
Water deposits tiny clay particles in thin layers.
Feels smooth and splits easily into flat sheets.
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Sandstone Formed from sand on
beaches, ocean floors, river beds, and deserts.
Mainly quartz. Lots of small holes
between the grains, so it will absorb water.
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Conglomerate and Breccia Formed from a mixture
of rock fragments of different sizes.
Conglomerate has rounded edges.
Breccia has larger fragments with sharp or jagged edges.
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Breccia
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Organic Sedimentary Rocks Formed from the
remains of plants and animals that were deposited in thick layers.
Also called biological rock.
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Coal Formed from the
remains of ancient swamps.
As layer upon layer of dead plants built up, the bottom layers were compacted into coal.
Stored chemical energy from the sun.
Fossil fuel.
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Coal Pictures
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Limestone Formed from the
shells of ancient sea animals and plants.
Shells fall to the bottom of the ocean in layers, some 100’s of meters thick.
Compaction creates limestone.
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Chalk Formed from the
shells of ancient sea life.
Creates layers 100’s of feet thick
White Cliffs of Dover
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Chalk Cliffs
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Formed when water
with dissolved minerals evaporates.
The left behind minerals will crystallize.
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Gypsum Made from calcium
deposits. Used to make sheet
rock for homes.
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Halite Rock salt Formed from seas and
oceans that dried up. The salt forms large
crystals.
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Metamorphic Rocks “Meta” is ancient
Greek for change. “Morphosis” is ancient
Greek for form. Metamorphic rock
then is rock that has changed from one form to another.
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Origins of Metamorphic Rock Metamorphic rocks are rocks
in which the structure, texture, or composition of the rock have changed. All three types of rock can be changed by heat, pressure, or a combination of both.
A rock’s texture or mineral composition can change when its surroundings change. If the temperature or pressure of the new environment is different from the one in which the rock formed, the rock will undergo metamorphism.
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Contact Metamorphism Contact Metamorphism When
magma moves through the crust, the magma heats the surrounding rock and changes it.
Some minerals in the surrounding rock are changed into other minerals by this increase in temperature.
The greatest change occurs where magma comes into direct contact with the surrounding rock.
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Regional Metamorphism Regional metamorphism
occurs when pressure builds up in rock that is buried deep below other rock formations, or when large pieces of the Earth’s curst collide with each other.
The increased pressure and temperature causes rock to become deformed and chemically changed.
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Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
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How Metamorphic Rocks Form Deep below the Earth’s
surface the intense heat and pressure can change rocks.
Their appearance, texture, crystal structure and mineral content can change.
Fossils will be destroyed.
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Almost melted! Metamorphic rocks are
often squished, smeared out, and folded.
Despite these uncomfortable conditions, metamorphic rocks do not get hot enough to melt, or they would become igneous rocks!
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Classifying Metamorphic Rock Classified by the
arrangement of the grains.
Foliated Non-foliated Usually harder and
denser than the rock they come from.
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Texture of Metamorphic Rock
All metamorphic rock has one of two textures.
Foliated Metamorphic Rock
Non-foliated Metamorphic Rock
quartzite
gneiss
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Foliated Metamorphic Rock Grains are in
parallel layers or bands.
“Foliated” is the Latin word for leaf.
Describes the thin layering found in many metamorphic rocks.
These rocks will split along these bands.
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Slate Formed when shale is
subjected to pressure. Denser, more
compacted than shale. Produces flat plates
when broken.
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Slate to Schist If slate is subjected to
even greater pressure and moderate temperatures, schist is formed.
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Granite to Gneiss Granite becomes
gneiss when subjected to heat and pressure.
The atoms end up lining up in bands.
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Non-foliated Metamorphic Rock
Mineral grains are randomized.
Amorphous Do not split into
layers. Usually smoother and
denser than the parent rock.
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Quartzite Occurs when
sandstone is compressed by pressure.
Usually very hard.
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Marble Formed from
metamorphosed limestone.
Much harder and denser.
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Foliated Metamorphic
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The Rock Cycle