NUMBER OF MIGRANTS
• 77.114 million migrants 1960;• 115.558 in 1990; • 195.245 in 2005;• 213.943 in 2010
• Migrant defined as a person resident outside country of birth for 12 months or more
Human Development Reports (HDR) - United Nations Population Division (UNDP)
• Migrant defined as a person resident outside country of birth for 12 months or more
Migrant Stock - 1960 + 2010
• Africa: 9.175 – 19.191• Sub-Saharan Africa: 7.643 – 16.869• Asia: 28.494 – 61.324• Europe: 17.511 – 69.744• EU: 13.555 – 46.911• Latin America + Caribbean: 6.151 – 7.480• Northern America: 13.603 – 50.042• Arab States: 3.311 – 25.731
MIGRANT STOCK IS ALMOST EQUALLY DIVIDED INTO 3 TYPES
• NORTH ---53 MILLION---NORTH
• NORTH ---14 MILLION---SOUTH
• SOUTH ---61 MILLION---SOUTH
• SOUTH ---62 MILLION---NORTH
MIGRANTS CONSTITUTE HIGH PROPORTIONS OF THE POPULATION IN
FEW COUNTRIES
• (MIGRANTS AS PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION, 2005)
Migration Patterns
• Orderly Migration
• Family Riunification
• Irregular Migration
• 1. Smuggling
• 2. Trafficking
• Return migration
Statelessness
• The term is defined according to international law: “stateless person” means a person who is not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law. Since only states can have nationals, a person whose status is recognised only by a non-state entity is by definition stateless.
Statelessness
• The phrase “considered as a national ... under the operation of its law” includes not only the letter of the law, but also the way in which the
law is applied by the state. A theoretical claim to nationality is inadequate to establish that a person is not stateless if in practice the person is not recognised as a
citizen by the state concerned.
Categories - Single Individuals
• Refugee
• Unaccompanied Minor … and
• Unaccompanied Minor- asylum seeker
Categories - Single Individuals
• Economic migrant - Migrant worker
• Female migration
• Frontier Worker
• Seasonal Worker
Categories - Single Individuals
• Illegal migrant - undocumented
• Unauthorised migrant
• Overstayers
Contemporary International Migration
General Trends
The globalization of migration The acceleration of migration The differentiation of migrationThe feminization of migrationThe growing politicization of migration
Governance of International Migration
• Not seen by governments as a central political issue
• Migrants divided up into categories
• Late 1980’s systematic attention
Europe’s immigration dilemma
Key Trends– Demographic: low fertility, ageing
population, high dependency ratios– Economic: future demand for both
highly-skilled and lower-skilled workers– Social: young Europeans less willing to
take low-skilled jobsRESULT: STRONG DEMAND FOR
MIGRANT WORKERS
Europe’s immigration dilemma
BUT migration is seen as a problem– Migrants and minorities: a threat
to security – Diasporas and transnationalism
thought to undermine nation-state
Industrial countries (still) want workers but not people
Solutions of Northern states
• More border control• Differentiation of migrants:
different rules for highly-skilled, lower-skilled and refugees
• Temporary and circular migration
Solutions of Northern states
• Migration management – cooperation between northern and
southern governments• Migration and development:
– migration said to benefit countries of origin
Migration Process
Hardly ever a simple individual action
Migration is a long drawn out process
Migration is a collective action
Migration Process
Migration experience leads to modification of original plans
No government has ever set out to build an ethnically diverse society
Macro-meso-micro-structures …
No single cause ever sufficient to explain why people decide to leave their country and settle in anotherEssential to understand all aspects of migratory process - all these structures are intertwined ...
8 QUESTIONS
1. What factors have changed - country of origin - country of destination.
2. Opportunities for migrants3. Which social networks develop4. What structures exist to regulate
migration and settlement
8 QUESTIONS
5. How do migrants turn to settlers6. Effect of settlement on receiving
countries7. Effect of emigration on sending
countries8. New linkages between sending and
receiving countries
Migration Studies
• Preliminary remark: migration studies divided in two separate bodies
• Migration studies intrinsically inter-disciplinary
• Methodology: refers to underlying principles for research and analysis
8 Principles
1. Interdisciplinarity2. Historical understanding3. Comparative studies4. Holistic approach
8 Principles
5. Transnational dimensions of social transformation
6. Transnational research network
7. Human agency8. Participatory research
Migration - Settlement ?
Differentiate between economically motivated migration and forced migration.
Temporary migration intentions to permanent settlement.
No initial intention to settlement