![Page 1: Migration Streams and Counterstreams Ken Keller – DHS 2004](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022083005/56649f295503460f94c4359b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Migration Streams and Counterstreams
Ken Keller – DHS
2004
![Page 2: Migration Streams and Counterstreams Ken Keller – DHS 2004](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022083005/56649f295503460f94c4359b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Migration Streams = highly channelized flow from a
particular origin to destination• Opportunities are localized.
• Migrants follow established routes of transportation.
• Focused information flows.
• Mutual aid and assistance
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Arizona migration partners in 1999-2000
• 38,203 from California
• 6,770 from Texas
• 5,358 from Illinois
• 5,042 from Washington
• 4,675 from New Mexico
• 4,400 from Colorado
• 3,304 from Nevada
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New Immigrants are highly concentrated in American cities.
• 95% settle in one of the nation’s metropolitan areas.• 66.5% of Cubans settle in Miami area• 1/3 of Salvadorans in LA area; 16% in Washington
DC; another 15% in NYC area.• Haitians in S. Florida and NYC • Chinese in CA and NYC area• Dominicans in S. Florida and NYC area• Vietnamese in CA, Washington, DC, NY• Bosnians in Washington, DC., St. Louis, and Phoenix
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Immigrants from abroad were focused on different destinations
than domestic migrants.
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Counterstreams = return movement
• Dissatisfaction with destination
• Communications channels evolve
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1935 – 1940 Streams
• Growth of megalopolis in the northeast
• Beginnings of suburbanization from NY to NJ
• Dustbowl migration from Oklahoma and Texas to CA
• Impression that migration involves the poor in search of new opportunity
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1955 to 1960 Streams
• Emergence of a national migration system. Previously streams had been regional in scope.
• NY to NY represents suburbanization.• NY to FL represents the beginnings of retirement
migration.• The fact that the other three steams terminate in
CA shows attractiveness of CA to a wide geographical area.
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1965 to 1970
• Similar to 1955 to 1960 except for the evolution of a CA to WA stream.
• CA begins to emerge as a redistributor of population – attracts migrants from the Midwest and East and redistributes them across the West.
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1975 to 1980 Streams
• NY to FL becomes more important than NY to NJ. Working age New Yorkers are now moving to FL for economic opportunity as well as for retirement.
• Declining attractiveness of CA as TX to CA stream drops out and CA becomes an important origin for movers
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Post 1980 Streams
• CA continues its role as a redistributor. Florida also becomes a redistributor -- attracts from NE and then redistributes migrants across S.
• West is important migration destination during the 1990s.
• South grows but with states other than Florida taking the lead.
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Black migration streams and counterstreams
• African Americans migrated from the rural South to the urban North after WWI until around 1970.– Discrimination in the South
– Income inequalities
– Protectionist immigration laws restrict immigrants from Europe
– Increased information and better transportation
– Northern industries recruited southern blacks
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Stream is reversed around 1970
• Why?– Race riots and deteriorating economic
conditions in large American cities– Growing economic opportunity in the South.
Whites also moved to the South although they began a decade earlier.
– Improved social conditions due to the Civil Rights movement
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Significant Geography
• Highly channelized movement from South to North: NE to South Atlantic states; Midwest to AL, MS, MO, TN; and LA, OK, and TX to California.
• Streams are weaker during the 1970s than 1960s. • Counterstreams become stronger.• Counterstreams connect the same origins and
destinations.