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middle east outline map
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The Islamic World
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Aryans (3000BC)
• A nomadic tribe of cattle herders from present day Iran
• They migrated east into India and west into Europe
• They established a commonly accepted set of sounds to communicate with the people of those regions
• Aryan languages (now called Indo-European) include German, French, Russian, Hindi and Farsi
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Ishtar Gates of Babylon
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MESOPOTAMIA ANCIENT EGYPT • ethical
• Ka (the immortal soul) • Judgment day and a
promise of paradise
• Moses
legalistic Code of Hammurabi Lex Taliones (law of retaliation) Brutal,public punishments serve as a deterent
• Abraham
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Mesopotamian Empires and Jewish History
• Sumarian (3500-2300 BC) – the Epic of Gilgamesh (2700)
• Babylonian – Akaddian (2300-1500) - Hammurabi - Abraham (Genesis) Kassite (1500-1100) - Moses and the exodus - Political vacuum (1100 -800) - The Kingdom of Israel (1025-951)
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Hagar -> Ishmael -> Muhammid Sarah -> Isaac -> Jewish people
ABRAHAM
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JERUSALEM
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Assyrian (800-600) - Israel is destroyed, but Judah survives - Babylonian-Chaldean (600-500) - Judah falls and Soloman’s temple is destroyed - Babylonian Captivity - the writing down of the Torah begins - Persian Empire (500-300) - Jews return and temple is rebuilt - Prophet Isaiah – monotheism and messiah - Greek Empire (330-200) - Hanukkah
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ROMAN EMPIRE
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CHRISTIANITY
Based on the teachings of Jesus Christ (1-33AD) Who sought add new ideas to Jewish theology • Overturned the idea of lex taliones in favor of
an emphasis on love and forgiveness • Against wealth and materialism • The messiah (that Isaiah predicted) who will
make it possible for people to gain salvation and entry to heaven
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Spread of Christianity • Jesus Christ was crucified by the Romans • His followers spread the religion throughout
the empire with Peter establishing a church in Rome
• Christianity was originally a Jewish sect that believed that Jesus was the Messiah
• Paul eliminated the Jewish rituals from Christianity and made it a universal religion
• The religion spread quickly and by 400 was the official church of the Roman Empire
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• Roman Empire (200 BC- 500 AD) • Jesus Christ and the spread of Christianity • The Zealot uprisings (66-70) and the
destruction of Jerusalem • The diaspora (70 and 130 AD) • Constantinople and the Eastern Roman
Empire (300-500) • The Council of Nicaea (325) standardizes the
faith and begins to put together a bible • Fall of Rome (500) • Byzantine Empire ( 500-1400) • Church splits into Roman Catholic and Eastern
Orthodox
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WESTERN AND EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
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CONSTANTINOPLE
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ISLAM • Based on the teachings of the Prophet
Muhammid (570-632) • Sought to add new doctrine to existing Jewish
and Christian theology • Six prophets – Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses,
Jesus, and Muhammid • Hijra (622) flight from Mecca to Yathrib
(Medina) –year one of the Muslim calendar • Muhammid becomes the leader of Medina
and eventually converts and conquers the who Arabia peninsula
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The Koran or Quran
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The Five Pillars of Islam
• I. Faith- there is one god, and that is God and Muhammid is his prophet
• II. Prayer- 5 times a day facing Mecca. Friday is the day of communal prayer
• III. Alms- charity to the poor • IV. Fasting- no eating or drinking during
daylight hours in the month of Ramadan • V. Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca
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The Hajj
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Islamic law • The Quran – the word of God (written down
right after Muhammid’s death-7th Century) • The Hadith – collection of narrative of
Muhammid’s life, and saying and ideas attributed to Muhammid (written in the 8th and 9th Centuries) – different sects of Islam focus on different collections
• The Ulema – religious scholars who interpret the theology
• Sharia – Islamic law
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Jihad Greater Jihad – an inner spiritual struggle to focus on God above one self Lesser Jihad – an outer physical struggle against the enemies of Islam
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Caliph (Successor to the Prophet) • First 4 caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar,Uthman, Ali)
were part of Muhammid’s inner circle • Ali was married to Muhammid’s daughter
Fatima and their son Hussein was expected to become the 5th Caliph
• This led to a power struggle with Umayyid family in Damascus in which Hussein (grandson of Muhammid) was killed.
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The murder of Hussein led to a schism in the Muslim world
• Two Factions • Sunni (90%) – believe that the caliph should
be chosen by the community of Muslims, supported by the establishment
• Shia (10%) – believe that only a blood relative of Muhammid could become caliph – preferred by those who see themselves outsiders
• 750 AD – Shia revolt topples the Umayyid and establishes the Abbassid Dynasty in Baghdad
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Seljuk Turkish Empire(1037-1192)
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Seljuks overrun the Arab and Byzantine Empires
• 1071 - the Seljuks crush the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and threaten Constantinople
• 1098 - Pope Urban II sends a Crusader army to seize the Holy land from the Turks
• Europeans set up Crusader states in Middle East – some last until 1250
• 1260-1300 the Mongols sack the Middle East creating a power vacuum
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Ottoman Empire
• From 1299-1453 - The Ottoman Turks take over the Middle East
• 1453 the Turks seize Constantinople bring down the Byzantine Empire
• Constantinople is renamed Istanbul • In the 15th and 16th centuries they conquer
most of Southeastern Europe – twice getting as far as the Gates of Vienna
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