Microbes and breast feeding:
Feeding a microbiome
Camilla Urbaniak
Lawson Health Research
Institute
London, Canada
June 13 2016
Early exposure of the newborn to bacteria
Breast feeding
Microbial content routinely recorded to be as high
as 1 x 105 cfu/ml
Study by Kent et al (2006) reported that 15 week
old infants consumed about 788ml of milk a day
=7.9 x 107 cfu of bacteria ingested per day
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BacteroidetesActinobacteriaProteobacteriaFirmicutes
Percent abundance of different phyla in breast milk
Pe
rcent
Abu
ndan
ce
01
020
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Bacterial profiles in human milk
Mature milk from 39 Canadian women.
(1month-8months post partum)
Bacterial profiles in breast milk S
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3S
4S
5S
6S
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Remaining fractionBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Cytophagia;Cytophagales;Cytophagaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Paenibacillaceae;AneurinibacillusBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Bifidobacteriales;Bifidobacteriaceae;GardnerellaBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Family_XI;PeptoniphilusBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Peptostreptococcaceae;PeptostreptococcusBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Micrococcales;Micrococcaceae;RothiaBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Kineosporiales;Kineosporiaceae;KineococcusBacteria;Firmicutes;Negativicutes;Selenomonadales;Veillonellaceae;DialisterBacteria;Proteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;Burkholderiales;Comamonadaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Bacillaceae;Bacillusunclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Proteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Rhizobiales;Bradyrhizobiaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Cytophagia;Cytophagales;Cytophagaceae;ArcicellaBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Thermoanaerobacterales;Family_III;ThermoanaerobacteriumBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Streptococcaceae;LactococcusBacteria;Firmicutes;Negativicutes;Selenomonadales;Veillonellaceae;VeillonellaBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Flavobacteriia;Flavobacteriales;Flavobacteriaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Micrococcales;Microbacteriaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Family_XI;GemellaBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Bacteroidia;Bacteroidales;Prevotellaceae;PrevotellaBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteridae;Actinomycetales;Actinomycetaceae;ActinomycesBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Family_XI;FinegoldiaBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Propionibacteriales;Propionibacteriaceae;PropionibacteriumBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Bacillaceae;AnoxybacillusBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Bacteroidetes;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Bifidobacteriales;Bifidobacteriaceae;BifidobacteriumBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pseudomonadales;Moraxellaceae;AcinetobacterBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Lactobacillaceae;LactobacillusBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pasteurellales;Pasteurellaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Corynebacteriales;Corynebacteriaceae;CorynebacteriumBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Streptococcaceae;StreptococcusBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pseudomonadales;Pseudomonadaceae;PseudomonasBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Enterobacteriales;Enterobacteriaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Staphylococcaceae;Staphylococcus
Remaining fractionBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Cytophagia;Cytophagales;Cytophagaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Paenibacillaceae;AneurinibacillusBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Bifidobacteriales;Bifidobacteriaceae;GardnerellaBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Family_XI;PeptoniphilusBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Peptostreptococcaceae;PeptostreptococcusBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Micrococcales;Micrococcaceae;RothiaBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Kineosporiales;Kineosporiaceae;KineococcusBacteria;Firmicutes;Negativicutes;Selenomonadales;Veillonellaceae;DialisterBacteria;Proteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;Burkholderiales;Comamonadaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Bacillaceae;Bacillusunclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Proteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Rhizobiales;Bradyrhizobiaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Cytophagia;Cytophagales;Cytophagaceae;ArcicellaBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Thermoanaerobacterales;Family_III;ThermoanaerobacteriumBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Streptococcaceae;LactococcusBacteria;Firmicutes;Negativicutes;Selenomonadales;Veillonellaceae;VeillonellaBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Flavobacteriia;Flavobacteriales;Flavobacteriaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Micrococcales;Microbacteriaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Family_XI;GemellaBacteria;Bacteroidetes;Bacteroidia;Bacteroidales;Prevotellaceae;PrevotellaBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteridae;Actinomycetales;Actinomycetaceae;ActinomycesBacteria;Firmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Family_XI;FinegoldiaBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Propionibacteriales;Propionibacteriaceae;PropionibacteriumBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Bacillaceae;AnoxybacillusBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Bacteroidetes;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Bifidobacteriales;Bifidobacteriaceae;BifidobacteriumBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pseudomonadales;Moraxellaceae;AcinetobacterBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Lactobacillaceae;LactobacillusBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pasteurellales;Pasteurellaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Corynebacteriales;Corynebacteriaceae;CorynebacteriumBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Streptococcaceae;StreptococcusBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pseudomonadales;Pseudomonadaceae;PseudomonasBacteria;Proteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Enterobacteriales;Enterobacteriaceae;unclassifiedBacteria;Firmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Staphylococcaceae;Staphylococcus
We performed a Kendall’s Tau correlation test to measure the
strength of association between relative abundances of
bacteria and time post partum.
No statistically significant correlation was found between time
and relative abundances.
This means that microbial profiles are not influenced by how
long a woman has been lactating for.
Genera Species
Acinetobacter A. calcoaceticus
Akkermansia A. muciniphilia
Bifidobacterium B. breve, B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, B. longum, B. animalis, B.
catenulatum
Enterococcus E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E. gallinarum, E. mundtii, E. hirae
Escherichia E. coli
Gemella G. haemolysans
Klebsiella K. oxytoca
Kocuria K. kristinae
Lactobacillus L. animalis, L. brevis, L. crispatus, L. fermentum, L. gasseri, L. oris, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus
Lactococcus L. lactis
Leuconostoc L. citreum, L. fallax, L. mesenteroides
Pediococcus P. pentosaceus
Propionibacterium P. acnes, P. granulosum
Pseudomonas P. synxantha, P. fluorescens
Rothia R. mucilaginosa
Serratia S. proteomaculans
Staphylococcus S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis,
S. pasteuri, S. warneri
Streptococcus S. salivarius, S. mitis, S. gallolyticus, S. australis,
S. vestibularis, S. parasanguis, S. pneumoniae
Weisella W. cibaria, W. confusa
Other genera detected but not assigned to species Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Blautia, Bradyrhizobium, Brevundimonas, Burkholderia, Clostridium,
Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Granulicatella, Prevotella, Rlastonia, Sphingomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Veillonella
A. junii
L. paracasei
Aeromonas, Anoxybacillus, Finogoldia magna, Gardnerella, Micrococcus,
Peptoniphilus harei, Peptostreptococcus, Pasteurella,
P. avidum
S. nepalensis
PROTECTION
Breast fed Formula fed
Are the bacteria in breast milk beneficial for neonatal health?
Decreased
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Diarrhea
Asthma
Obesity
Diabetes
Respiratory infections
Increased
Immune regulation
Cognitive function
• Human milk
oligosaccharides
• Vertical transfer
of bacteria from
milk to baby
What factors influence this microbial composition?
• Bioactive components, macronutrients, cytokines,
enzymes, proteins and immunological factors differ in milk
from:
Pre-term vs Term births
Vaginal vs Cesarean (elective) deliveries
• Energy content in milk differs depending on whether a
mother gives birth to a boy or girl.
We hypothesized that the triggers influencing nutritional and
immune composition in milk could possibly affect microbial
profiles. Therefore we would expect to see differences in
bacterial populations based on gestation, mode of delivery
and gender
Gestation Delivery
Gender
Mature milk from 39 women. Compared profiles
based on gestation, mode of delivery, gender
Weighted UniFrac
-Places a large emphasis on either rare or
highly abundant taxa, so compositional
changes that occur in moderately abundant
taxa may be overlooked
Generalized UniFrac
(1) Gestation, mode of
delivery and gender do
not influence the milk
microbiota
OR
(2) These factors do
have an influence but
can only be detected by
looking at the individual
rather that the
population as a whole.
Conclusions
We should be looking at shifts from a personalized
healthy state to a personalized disease state
Diagnosed with Hodgkin’s
lymphoma during
2nd trimester of
pregnancy
Undergoes 3 rounds of
chemotherapy at
29wks gestation
(3rd trimester)
Two weeks after the last
session she
delivers
Four weeks after delivery, chemo
starts again. Milk
sample collection
starts for the
study
Week
Sample A B
0
A B
2
A B
4
A B
6 8
A B
10
A B
12
A B
14
A B
16
no milk
collected
ClinicalInforma on
SampleCollec on
PC2 (11%)
PC3 (3.9%)
PC1 (69%)
A
B
Remaining fractionFirmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Clostridiales_IncertaeSedisXI;FinegoldiaFirmicutes;Clostridia;Clostridiales;Eubacteriaceae;EubacteriumActinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinomycetales;Corynebacteriaceae;CorynebacteriumProteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;Methylophilales;Methylophilaceae;MethylophilusBacteroidetes;Sphingobacteria;Sphingobacteriales;Sphingobacteriaceae;SphingobacteriumBacteroidetes;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedActinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Bifidobacteriales;Bifidobacteriaceae;BifidobacteriumProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Legionellales;Legionellaceae;LegionellaProteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Sphingomonadales;Erythrobacteraceae;PorphyrobacterProteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Sphingomonadales;Sphingomonadaceae;Sphingobium/SphingomonasActinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinomycetales;Propionibacteriaceae;PropionibacteriumProteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;Burkholderiales;Comamonadaceae;unclassifiedFirmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Lactobacillaceae;LactobacillusProteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Rhizobiales;unclassified;unclassifiedProteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Rhizobiales;Rhizobiaceae;Rhizobium/AgrobacteriumBacteroidetes;Bacteroidia;Bacteroidales;Prevotellaceae;PrevotellaProteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;Burkholderiales;Comamonadaceae;SchlegelellaProteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;Burkholderiales;Burkholderiales_incertae_sedis;TepidimonasBacteroidetes;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;Flavobacterium/CytophagaProteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Sphingomonadales;Sphingomonadaceae;SphingomonasDeinococcus−Thermus;Deinococci;Deinococcales;Trueperaceae;TrueperaProteobacteria;Alphaproteobacteria;Caulobacterales;Caulobacteraceae;Brevundimonas/CaulobacterFirmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Bacillaceae;Anoxybacillus/BacillusActinobacteria;Actinobacteria;Actinomycetales;Micrococcaceae;RothiaProteobacteria;Betaproteobacteria;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedFirmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Bacillaceae;BacillusBacteroidetes;Flavobacteria;Flavobacteriales;Flavobacteriaceae;CloacibacteriumFirmicutes;Bacilli;Bacillales;Staphylococcaceae;StaphylococcusProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;OTU11Firmicutes;Bacilli;Lactobacillales;Streptococcaceae;StreptococcusProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pseudomonadales;Pseudomonadaceae;PseudomonasProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Xanthomonadales;Xanthomonadaceae;StenotrophomonasProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Enterobacteriales;Enterobacteriaceae;unclassifiedunclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;unclassified;unclassified;unclassifiedProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Xanthomonadales;Xanthomonadaceae;unclassifiedProteobacteria;Gammaproteobacteria;Pseudomonadales;Moraxellaceae;Acinetobacter
H1
H2A
H2B
H3
H5
H6
H7
H8
H10
0A
0B
2A
2B
4A
4B
6A
6B
10A
10B
12A
12B
14A
14B
16A
16B
0.0
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0.6
0.8
1.0
Healthy Wk0 Chemotherapy
Microbiota fraction
Chemotherapy changes microbial profiles
Chemotherapy Wk0/H
Acinetobacter
Re
lative
pro
port
ion
−2
02
46
81
01
21
4
Chemotherapy Wk0/H
Xanthomonadaceae
Re
lative
pro
port
ion
−2
02
46
810
12
Chemotherapy Wk0/H
Stenotrophomonas
Re
lative
pro
port
ion
−6
−4
−2
02
46
8
Chemotherapy Wk0/H
−6
−4
−2
02
4
Bifidobacterium
Rela
tive
pro
po
rtio
n
Chemotherapy Wk0/H
−6
−4
−2
02
Eubacterium
Rela
tive
pro
po
rtio
n
Chemotherapy Wk0/H
−6
−4
−2
02
4
Lactobacillus
Rela
tive
pro
po
rtio
n
Changes in relative abundances of certain taxa after treatment
Chemotherapy Wk0/H
Acinetobacter
Re
lative
pro
port
ion
−2
02
46
81
01
21
4
Chemotherapy Wk0/H
Xanthomonadaceae
Re
lative
pro
port
ion
−2
02
46
810
12
Chemotherapy Wk0/H
Stenotrophomonas
Re
lative
pro
port
ion
−6
−4
−2
02
46
8Chemotherapy Wk0/H
−6
−4
−2
02
4
Bifidobacterium
Rela
tive
pro
po
rtio
n
Chemotherapy Wk0/H
−6
−4
−2
02
Eubacterium
Rela
tive
pro
po
rtio
n
Chemotherapy Wk0/H−
6−
4−
20
24
Lactobacillus
Rela
tive
pro
po
rtio
n
1 2
01
23
45
6
Shan
non
's d
ivers
ity index
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●
●
●
●
●
●●
●
●●
●
●
●
●●
●
Chemotherapy Wk0/H
Microbial diversity decreases after chemotherapy
Changes in metabolic profiles after chemotherapy
Decreased as a result of treatment:
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), inositol, PUFA, palmitic acid
Potential significance for the infant
• Lower bacterial diversity in first few weeks of life has been
associated with NEC and an increased risk of allergy and asthma
in young children
• Bifidobacterium is the predominant organism in the gut of breast
fed infants
– Low levels in milk correlate with low levels in neonate
– Diabetes, obesity, allergy, asthma, opportunistic infections
• Eubacterium is a butyrate producer important for health
– Reduces inflammation and metabolic diseases, promotes
colonic repair and protects against colon cancer
• DHA, inositol, PUFA, palmitic acid are important for infant healh
– Brain, eye, neuronal development
– Decreased risk of asthma later in life
– Increased bone strength, intestinal repair and a balanced
immune response
You may ask, so what? Who cares about this
chemotherapy study if only a small percentage of
women undergoing treatment are lactating and
breastfeeding
Doxorubicin
Bleomycin
Vinblastine
Dacarbazine
What about other prescription drugs or over the
counter meds? What effects could they have
on the milk microbiota?
This study also raises questions as to whether
antibiotics could have similar detrimental effects
* *
Derived from antibiotics produced
from Streptomyces spp
Enterobacteriaceae
Bifidobacterium
Lactobacillus
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robio
ta fra
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robio
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Mic
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n
No significant levels of
Bifidiobacterium or
Lactobacillus
Subject 6
Term, vaginal
21d post partum
Subject 32
Term, vaginal
25d post partum
Question: What are the consequences of
two infants receiving two different “healthy”
milk bacterial profiles when it comes to
disease risk later in life
The milk microbiota varies amongst
healthy women, but is there one profile
that is “better” than another for the infant
In addition to health benefits for
the baby, could the milk
microbiota also impart health
benefits to the mother?
The milk microbiota and its role in maternal health
1. Mastitis
Bacterial strains isolated from milk have the ability to prevent
the growth of S.aureus, the causative agent of infectious
mastitis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus salivarius
Enterococcus faecalis
Lactobacillus rhamnosus. L. crispatus, L. lactis
Leuconoctoc mesenteroides
Propionibacterium acnes
(Heikkila and Saris,2003; Shu et al, 2013)
In a study of 352 women with infectious mastitis, women
receiving either L. fermentum CECT5716 or L. salivarius
CECT5713 had better recovery and lower recurrence then
those women administered antibiotics (Arroyo et al., 2010)
*Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual
data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302
women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease
(Collaborative group on hormonal factors in breast cancer. Lancet, 2002)
-Women who breast feed for 12 months or longer have a lower risk
of developing breast cancer then those who do not breast feed
*Breast feeding and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2
mutations carriers
(Jernstrom et al. J.Natl. Cancer Inst., 2004)
-Women with BRCA1 mutations who breast fed for 1 year or longer
had a 45% reduced risk of breast cancer
Factors? Reduced estrogen levels during breast feeding and/or removal
of carcinogens from the breast during lactation BACTERIA
2. Breast cancer
Breast feeding lowers the risk of developing breast cancer
Breast milk
Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716
Lactobacillus salivarius CECT5713
Saliva
Lactobacillus fermentum NCIMB 701751
Lactobacillus salivarius NCIMB 11795
Perez-Cano et al., Immunobiology, 2010
NK cell
NK cell
This led us to our work on the breast tissue
microbiome.
• We reasoned that since the milk microbiota
appears to have beneficial health effects,
then bacteria would be present within the
mammary glands (i.e. tissue) throughout a
women’s life irrespective of lactation and
pregnancy
• This tissue microbiome, as with other body
sites, could play a role in health and
disease, both for the mother and the baby
DNA
Isolation
16S rRNA sequencing
Homogenize plate
1. Columbia
blood agar
2. BHI
3. MacConkey
agar
Incubate
aerobically and
anaerobically at
37oC
Sample collection
Controls:
(i) tube of PBS opened throughout
the duration of the surgery
(ii) skin swab of surgical breast
area obtained before incision but
after disinfection
Healthy controls (age range 21-69)
(breast reductions or enhancements)
N=23
2 grams
Percent abundance of different phyla in breast tissue
Pe
rcent
Abu
ndan
ce
01
020
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Proteobacteria
Firmicutes
Actinobacteria
Bacteroidetes
Deinococcus−Thermus
Verrucomicrobia
HS
1H
S2
HS
3L
HS
4H
S5L
HS
8L
HS
9L
HS
10L
HS
11L
HS
21
RH
S22L
HS
23L
BT
S1
BT
S2
BT
S4
BT
S5
BT
S6
BT
S12
BT
S16
BT
S20
BT
S22
BT
S23
BT
S24
BT
S25
BT
S26
BT
S27
BT
S31
BT
S32
BT
S34
BT
S35
BT
S36
BT
S37
BT
S3
BT
S7
BT
S9
BT
S10
BT
S13
BT
S19
BT
S21
BT
S29
BT
S30
BT
S33
BT
S49
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Healthy Cancer Benign
Mic
robio
ta f
ractio
n
Remaining fractionBradyrhizobiumKocuriaMicrococcaceaePropionibacteriumSphingomonasAkkermansiaThermusGardnerellaCytophagalesFlavobacteriaceaeBacteroidetesMicrobacteriaceaeBacillalesPseudomonasBradyrhizobiaceaeThermoanaerobacteriumLactococcusCorynebacteriumStreptococcusEnterobacteriaceaeComamonadaceaeAcinetobacterMicrococcusLactobacillusPrevotellaGammaproteobacteriaBacillusStaphylococcus
• Could there be a role of the breast tissue microbiome in breast cancer prevention or
development?
• Do certain factors change the tissue microbiome in such a way that could increase
the risk of breast cancer (promotes inflammation or host DNA damage)
• Tissue collection is invasive; could studies on human milk provide insight into what
factors shape the tissue microbiome
“ome”
data
Microbiome
Transcriptome Metagenome
Metabolome
What is
there
What genes
are present What genes are
transcribed
What are they
doing
What are they
doing
What are they
doing
✔
What we need to
work on
Functionality is important
because you may have some
bacteria that do not change under
different conditions but their
function may and that could
promote disease.
Women
and
their
microbes
How we can use this knowledge and apply it for better
health outcomes for women?
First 2 years:
Dynamic changes,
after which the
microbiome is a
reflection of the adult
C-section ? + BF
Are the lactobacilli and
bifidobacteria enough to
compensate for the lack
of Lactobacillus acquired
during vaginal birth?
Should we therefore test
breast milk to ensure
optimal # being passed on
during BF?
If levels are low, should
lactating mothers or the
infants receive probiotics?
Should an infant’s microbiome be monitored (every month) to
ensure “normality” and if disrupted, how do we fix that?
I believe we should focus on monitoring and/or manipulating
the microbiome early in life to help protect against diseases
that occur later in a woman’s life
CIHR Strategic
Training Program in
Cancer Research and
Technology Transfer
(CaRTT)
Translational Breast
Cancer Research
Trainee Studentship
Michelle Angelini
Dr. Leslie Scott
Dr. Robert Richards Dr. Muriel Brackstone
Dr. Greg Gloor
Dr. Jim Koropatnick
Special thanks to my supervisor Dr. Gregor Reid
Reid/Gloor/Burton lab members