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Membrane Separation Processes
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GIA: Membrane Separation Market to Exceed $11.6 B
Global Industry Analysts (GIA): June, 2010 Report
GIA developed new report on"Membrane Separation Technologies: A Global StrategicBusiness Report"
Reviews market trends
Competitive scenario
Product overview Product introduction/launches
Recent industry activity across global
Key regional markets
The study also analyzes market data in terms of value sales
for regions
United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific,Middle East and Rest of World.
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Air Liquide
Celgard LLCCulligan InternationalCompanyCUNO Incorporated
Degremont SADow Chemical CompanyFilmTec Corporation, E.I.DuPont De Nemours &Co.GE Water & ProcessTechnologiesIon Exchange India Ltd
Major Global Companies dealing in Membrane Processes
ITT Corporation
Koch MembraneSystemsMillipore CorporationNitto Denko Corporation
Pall CorporationParker HannifinCorporationPraxairSiemens Water Tech.Spectrum LaboratoriesThermaxPermionics
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Production of Potable water
Wastewater treatment and processing of water
Food and Beverages industry
Replacement of traditional filtration equipment
Biological Applications
Power Generation
Chemicals Separation
Medical Applications
Production of pharmaceuticals
Separation of a wide variety of emulsion, surfactant,
and chelating mixtures
Membrane filtration is emerging as a viable alternative toconventional granular media-based processes. There has been asignificant shift in preferences of key industries towards membranesf rom t rad i t iona l f i l t ra t ion & Adsorpt ion dev ices : G IA
Diversified Applications of Membrane Processes
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Municipalities in Europe are increasingly employing membraneseparation systems to ensure supply of pure drinking water.
Moreover, in view of stringent environment regulations, there hasbeen significant increase in the deployment of membranes inw a s t e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m s .
Rising demand for pure water is expected to boost market growth inAsia-Pacific. India is considered one of the more lucrative and bigger
markets for membrane separation technologies in Asia-Pacific.With rap id advancements and deve lopment of nove l
technologies, there has also been significant rise in application areasf o r m em b r a n e t e c h n o l o g y i n r e c e n t t i m e s i n C h i n a .
Reverse osmosis is one of the fastest growing segments primarily onaccount of growing adoption of water desalination and its ability toachieve very high levels of purity cost-effectively and efficiently.The Middle East has emerged as the most promising market forseawater desalination thereby offering significant prospects forr e v e r s e o s m o s i s .
Potential for Membrane based Applications
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High Surface area
Very much useful when Mixtures of similar Chemical compounds
to be separated
Separation of Mixtures of thermally unstable components (since
no heating is needed). Also HT equipments are not required
In conjunction with conventional separation methods (Separation
of azeotropic mixtures before feeding them to a distillation column) When conventional method doesnt work, membranes are useful Huge & Complex machineries are not required
Complex Instrumentation is not required
The method does not require constant attention
Energy savings No Phase change or Interphase MT
No re-separation is required like Extraction, Leaching etc
Whenever technology is new profit margin is higher
Advantages of Membrane Processes
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Membranes are expensive
Low Flux
Membranes are highly selective
Narrow Operating conditions
Membrane preparation is complex
Upper Solid limit is lower (i.e. RO can be used for low solute conn)
Certain solvents can quickly and permanently destroy the
membrane
Certain colloidal solids, especially graphite and residues can
permanently foul the membrane surface
The mechanical energy requirement is higher
Difficult to Separate Highly ViscousLiquids
Poor Cleaning
Disadvantages of Membrane Processes
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Example of Membrane
Definition of Membrane: A membrane is a discrete, thin Interface that moderatesthe Permeation of Chemical Species in contact with it.
Shrinking & Swelling of Grapes
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Semi Permeable Membrane
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Types of Membranes
Solid Membranes Organic (Polymer)
Membranes
Inorganic Membranes
Ceramic, Alumina, Zeolite& Silica
Metallic Membranes
Noble Metals (Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Rh),
Ti Liquid Membranes
Glass Membranes
According to Pore Size
Porous Membranes
(0.1-10 m)
Microporous Membranes
(1-100 nm)
Non-Porous Membranes
(0.5-5 nm)
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Causes of Membrane Separation Processes
Pore Size of Membrane
Solubility & Selectivity of Components
Mobility of Component in Membrane Phase (Depends
upon membrane chemistry & phase)
Driving force acting on Individual Component:
P, T, C, Electric field
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Membrane Separation
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2-50 nm pore size
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2 m10 m
100 m
MFUF
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Types of Membranes
Solid Membranes Organic (Polymer)
Membranes
Inorganic Membranes
Ceramic, Alumina, Zeolite
& Silica
Metallic Membranes
Noble Metals (Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Rh),
Ti Liquid Membranes
Glass Membranes
According to Pore Size
Porous Membranes
(0.1-10 m)
Microporous Membranes
(1-100 nm)
Non-Porous Membranes
(0.5-5 nm)
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Spiral wound - Organic
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Ceramic Membranes
Metal Membranes
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Hollow Fiber Membranes
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Plate & Frame Membranes
Tubular Membranes
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Membrane Separation Processes to be Studied
Micro FiltrationUltra Filtration
Nano Filtration
Reverse Osmosis
Dialysis
Electro Dialysis
Donan Dialysis
Pervaporation
Gas Permeation
Membrane Distillation
Membrane Contactors
Membrane Reactors
Hemo Dialysis
Blood Oxygenators
Controlled Drug
Delivery
Liquid Membranes
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Micro Filtration
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Ultra Filtration
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Nano Filtration
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Reverse Osmosis
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MF
NFRO
UF
Examples of Applications and Alternative Separation Processes
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Examples of Applications and Alternative Separation Processes
Process ApplicationsAlternativeProcesses
MicrofiltrationSeparation of bacteria and cells from
solutions
Sedimentation,Centrifugation
UltrafiltrationSeparation of proteins and virus,
Break up of oil-in-water emulsionsCentrifugation
NanofiltrationSeparation of dye and sugar,
water softening
Distillation,Evaporation
Reverse Osmosis Desalination of sea and brackish water,Process water purification
Distillation,Evaporation,
Dialysis
Dialysis Purification of blood (artificial kidney) Reverse osmosis
ElectrodialysisSeparation of electrolytes from
non-electrolytes
Crystallization,Precipitation
PervaporationDehydration of ethanol and organic
solventsDistillation
Gas PermeationHydrogen recovery,
NG purification, Dehydration andseparation of air
Absorption,Adsorption,
Condensation
Membrane Water purification and desalination Distillation
Si f M t i l R t i d D i i F d T f M b
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Size of Materials Retained, Driving Force and Type of Membrane
Process Separation Range Driving force Type of membrane
Microfiltration0.1 - 10 m
microparticlesPressure difference
(0.5 - 2 bar)Porous
Ultrafiltration 10 - 100 nmmacromolecules
Pressure difference(1 - 10 bar)
Microporous
Nanofiltration0.5 - 10 nmmolecules
Pressure difference(10 - 70 bar)
Microporous
Reverse
Osmosis
< 1 nm
molecules
Pressure difference
(10 - 100 bar)
Nonporous
Dialysis< 1 nm
moleculesConcentration
differenceNonporous ormicroporous
Electrodialysis< 1 nm
moleculesElectrical potential
differenceNonporous orMicroporous
Pervaporation< 1 nm
moleculesConcentration
difference Nonporous
Gas Permeation< 1 nm
molecules
Partial pressuredifference
(1 - 100 bar)Nonporous
Membrane
Distillation
< 1 nm
molecules
Partial pressure
differenceMicroporous
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Applications in Dairy Industry
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Applications in Dairy Industry
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Differences between Strainer Filter and Membrane
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Differences between Strainer, Filter and Membrane
Separation for more than 10-25
m size
Mechanical Operation Driving force: P
Same size particles cannot be
separated
No phase change Solute cannot transfer
Flux by Darcys Law
Filter Thickness larger
Equipments: Plate & Frame,Rotary etc
Separation from 1 m to 1
size
Mass Transfer & MOP, T, C, Solubility, Mobility
Same size particles can be
separated
Phase change May be Solute can transfer
Flux by Ficks Law
Membrane Thickness lower
Equipments: Spiral Wound,Hollow Fiber etc
Strainers: Solid visible to the Eye i.e. >25 m
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Membrane: A membrane is a discrete, thin Interface that moderates
the Permeation of Chemical Species in contact with it.Permeate: The species passes through the membrane and collected at downstream side.
Flux: Permeate rate per unit cross sectional are of membrane.
Retentate: The species do not pass through the membrane and retained at frontside.
Concentrate: Another term for the reject stream.
Cut : Ratio of Permeate flow rate to Feed Flow rate.Rejection: Ratio of difference between Feed and Permeate concentration to Feed
concentration.
Glossary of Membrane Processes
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Glossary of Membrane Processes
Selectivity: Ratio of permeability of high permeable species to permeability oflow permeable species.
For UF: Ratio of Hydrodynamic diameter of Solute to Apparent pore diameter.
Membrane Module: A unit package in which membrane separation is carriedout also called as Membrane Separator.
Barrier Layer: This refers to the active layer of membrane material that actuallyseparates the impurities from the product stream or permeate. This barrierlayer is supported by a micro-porous support layer, usually made frompolysulfone, which is cast on a non-woven support material.
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Concentration Polarization: Accumulation of less permeable component on the
membrane surface during separation.
Fouling: Accumulation of collodial, particulates and/or biological contaminants
on the membrane surface which are coming along with feed.Blinding: If Membrane pore chocked with species of larger diameter
(considered as impurities in feed) than pore diameter is called Blinding.
Dope: In the preparation of membrane the solution of polymers from which
membrane s to be formed called Dope.
Casting: It is used to indicate either laying down of a polymer solution (dope)
on support or the spinning of a dope in the form of a hollow fiber.
Phase Inversion: Basic phenomenon underlying the formation of micro porous
membrane structure. Exposing a homogeneous polymer solution to certain
chemical or thermal environment cause phase separation in solution. The
resultant polymer poor and polymer rich regimes developing pores and
continuous solid polymer matrix.
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): This is a measure, usually given in PPM (Parts
Per Million) or in milligrams per liter (mg/l) that is used to specify the
concentration.
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Osmosis The diffusion of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from
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a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution.
Osmotic Pressure: This is the pressure differential that develops as a result of
a solution containing water and a particular concentration of dissolved solids,
including minerals and salts.
Cartridge Filter: Cartridge filters are a widely used and have been utilized for
water treatment for many decades. Cartridges are usually rated in microns. 40
microns is considered the largest particle visible to the human eye. Typical
prefiltration requirements for reverse osmosis systems are around 5 microns.
Recovery Rate: This term refers to the percentage of water recovered as
product water from a given quantity of feed water.Anion A negatively charged ion.Cation A positively charged ion.Ion An atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge that is positive(cation) or negative (anion) as a result of having lost or gained electrons.
Auto flush An automatic temporary increase in the reject flow. This helpsprevent membrane fouling.
Scale The mineral deposits that can coat the insides of boiler or the surfacesof RO membranes. It consists mainly of calcium carbonate, which precipitates
out of solution under certain conditions of pH, alkalinity and hardness.
MSP with Tubular modules
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MSP with Tubular modules
MSP with spiral-wound modules High Throughput
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MSP with spiral-wound modules High Throughput
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Overview of different Membrane Processes
Micro & Ultra Filtration
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Micro & Ultra Filtration
Micro & Ultra Filtration
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Micro & Ultra Filtration
Reverse Osmosis
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Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis
Gas Permeation
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Gas Permeation
Gas Permeation
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Gas Permeation
Dialysis
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Dialysis
Electrodialysis
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Electrodialysis
Feed
Pervaporation
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Pervaporation
Pervaporation
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p
Pervaporation
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p
Membrane Contactor
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Membrane Distillation
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Membrane Distillation
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Membrane Distillation
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Hemodialysis
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y
Hemodialysis
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Membrane Reactors
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Pd Membrane reactor for Methane Reforming
Membrane Reactors
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CO + H2O CO2 + H2
Membrane Reactors
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NextMembrane Preparation