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Membrane Bioreactors:Membrane Bioreactors:State of the Art andState of the Art and
Technology ExchangeTechnology Exchange
R. Shane Trussell, Ph.D., P.E.R. Shane Trussell, Ph.D., P.E.
Seminar for DOW Chemical
Midland, MI
June 21, 2007
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OutlineOutline
•• IntroductionIntroduction
•• Membrane IssuesMembrane Issues
•• Other IssuesOther Issues
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OutlineOutline
•• IntroductionIntroduction
––Brief historyBrief history
––Configurations and Configurations and
manufacturersmanufacturers
––MBR vs. ConventionalMBR vs. Conventional
•• Membrane IssuesMembrane Issues
•• Other IssuesOther Issues
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IntroductionIntroduction
•• An MBR is not a An MBR is not a
membrane processmembrane process
•• An MBR is a An MBR is a
biological biological
process that process that
uses membranes uses membranes
for solidfor solid--liquid liquid
separationseparation
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IntroductionIntroduction•• MBRMBR’’ss RootsRoots
–– Dorr Oliver (1960s)Dorr Oliver (1960s)
–– Successfully Successfully coupled activated coupled activated sludge (AS) to sludge (AS) to membrane separation membrane separation by early 1970s by early 1970s (sold 27 units (sold 27 units between 1974 and between 1974 and 1982)1982)
–– EMBR process with EMBR process with flatsheetflatsheet UF UF membranesmembranes
•• Cost prohibitiveCost prohibitive
–– Capital and O&MCapital and O&M
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IntroductionIntroduction•• SMBR configurationSMBR configuration
–– University of Tokyo University of Tokyo Professors Professors AyaAya and and YamamotoYamamoto
–– 1989 1989 WatWat. . SciSci. Tech.. Tech.
•• JapanJapan
–– Kubota developed flatKubota developed flat--sheet SMBRsheet SMBR
–– Mitsubishi developed Mitsubishi developed horizontal hollow horizontal hollow fiber SMBRfiber SMBR
•• CanadaCanada
–– ZenonZenon developed developed vertical hollow fiber vertical hollow fiber SMBRSMBR
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IntroductionIntroduction•• SMBR configurationSMBR configuration
–– Breakthrough for Breakthrough for commercialized MBR commercialized MBR technologytechnology
–– Reduced energy by 90%Reduced energy by 90%
•• JapanJapan
–– Kubota dominates with Kubota dominates with 60 60 MBRsMBRs by 1996 (total by 1996 (total 1.5 MGD)1.5 MGD)
•• UK, Canada, and USAUK, Canada, and USA
–– Milton, Ontario, CA Milton, Ontario, CA 19971997
–– Arapahoe, CO, USA 1998Arapahoe, CO, USA 1998
–– Kingston Seymour, UK Kingston Seymour, UK 19921992
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IntroductionIntroduction•• SMBR manufacturers in the SMBR manufacturers in the
USA USA -- firstsfirsts
–– ZenonZenon was 1.0 MGD in was 1.0 MGD in Arapahoe, CO in 1998Arapahoe, CO in 1998
–– Mitsubishi was 0.10 MGD in Mitsubishi was 0.10 MGD in ByfieldByfield, MA in 2000, MA in 2000
–– Kubota was 0.6 MGD in Running Kubota was 0.6 MGD in Running Springs, CA in 2002Springs, CA in 2002
–– US Filter was 0.16 MGD in US Filter was 0.16 MGD in Lake Lake OconoceeOconocee, GAG in 2003, GAG in 2003
• Zenon is the predominant MBR manufacturer with the most experience and capacity
• Kubota is the runner-up with significant knowledge and installation capacity
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Submerged MBR (SMBR)Submerged MBR (SMBR)Q
Primary Treated
Wastewater
WASTE
EffluentEffluentEffluentEffluentAeration Basin
Waste Activated SludgeWaste Activated SludgeWaste Activated SludgeWaste Activated Sludge
Solids RecycleSolids RecycleSolids RecycleSolids Recycle
QR = 3-5xQ
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External MBR (EMBR)External MBR (EMBR)
Primary Treated Primary Treated Primary Treated Primary Treated
WastewaterWastewaterWastewaterWastewater
Solids RecycleSolids RecycleSolids RecycleSolids Recycle
EffluentEffluentEffluentEffluentAeration BasinAeration BasinAeration BasinAeration Basin
Q
QR = 20-30xQ
Waste Activated SludgeWaste Activated SludgeWaste Activated SludgeWaste Activated Sludge
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““AirAir--liftlift”” EMBREMBR
Primary Treated Primary Treated Primary Treated Primary Treated
WastewaterWastewaterWastewaterWastewater
Solids RecycleSolids RecycleSolids RecycleSolids Recycle
EffluentEffluentEffluentEffluent
Aeration BasinAeration BasinAeration BasinAeration Basin
Q
QR = 5-10xQ
Waste Activated SludgeWaste Activated SludgeWaste Activated SludgeWaste Activated Sludge
DiffuserDiffuserDiffuserDiffuser
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ZENONZENON
•• Hollow fiber Hollow fiber
membrane membrane
configurationconfiguration
•• Proprietary Proprietary
polymerpolymer
•• UltrafiltrationUltrafiltration
•• 1998 First MBR 1998 First MBR
Installation in Installation in
the USA was the USA was
operational at operational at
1.0 MGD in 1.0 MGD in
Arapahoe, COArapahoe, CO
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ZENONZENON•• 48 modules combine 48 modules combine
to form a cassetteto form a cassette
•• One common headerOne common header
•• Permeate drawn Permeate drawn
from top and from top and
bottombottom
•• Intermittent Intermittent
coarse bubble coarse bubble
aeration (10s on/ aeration (10s on/
10s off)10s off)
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ZENONZENON
•• Membranes submerged at end of aeration basinMembranes submerged at end of aeration basin
•• System capable of operating with System capable of operating with ““backpulsebackpulse””
or or ““relaxrelax””
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Kubota / Kubota / EnviroquipEnviroquip
•• Flat sheet membrane Flat sheet membrane configurationconfiguration
•• PolyethylenePolyethylene
•• MicrofiltrationMicrofiltration
•• 2002 First MBR 2002 First MBR Installation in the Installation in the USA was operational USA was operational at 0.6 MGD in at 0.6 MGD in Running Springs, CARunning Springs, CA
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Kubota / Kubota / EnviroquipEnviroquip
•• 100 flat sheets 100 flat sheets combine to form combine to form cassettecassette
•• Each sheet has Each sheet has tube connection tube connection to headerto header
•• Constant coarse Constant coarse bubble aeration bubble aeration to mitigate to mitigate membrane foulingmembrane fouling
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Kubota / Kubota / EnviroquipEnviroquip
•• Cassette submerged in aeration basinCassette submerged in aeration basin
•• Double Double deckerdecker (DD) configuration(DD) configuration
•• System operates with membrane relax, no System operates with membrane relax, no
backpulsebackpulse
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US Filter/ US Filter/ MemJetMemJet
•• Hollow fiber Hollow fiber membrane membrane configurationconfiguration
•• PVDF PVDF
•• MicrofiltrationMicrofiltration
•• 2003 First MBR 2003 First MBR Installation in the Installation in the USA was operational USA was operational at 0.16 MGD in Lake at 0.16 MGD in Lake Oconee, GAOconee, GA
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US Filter/ US Filter/ MemJetMemJet
•• Bundles of 4 Bundles of 4 membrane modulesmembrane modules
•• Common header for 4 Common header for 4 modulesmodules
•• Combination of Combination of air/liquid jet air/liquid jet ““Jet Jet TechTech”” is used to is used to provide crossprovide cross--flow flow to the membrane to the membrane surfacesurface
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US Filter/ US Filter/ MemJetMemJet
•• Separate tank Separate tank
for membranesfor membranes
•• Backwashing Backwashing
cycle:cycle:
45 s relax45 s relax
15 s permeate 15 s permeate
backflushbackflush
15 s coarse 15 s coarse
bubble airbubble air
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Mitsubishi / GE IonicsMitsubishi / GE Ionics
•• Hollow fiber membrane Hollow fiber membrane configuration configuration (horizontal)(horizontal)
•• PolyethylenePolyethylene
•• MicrofiltrationMicrofiltration
•• 2000 First MBR 2000 First MBR Installation in the Installation in the USA was operational USA was operational at 0.10 MGD in at 0.10 MGD in ByfieldByfield, MA, MA
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Mitsubishi / GE IonicsMitsubishi / GE Ionics
•• 50 membrane modules 50 membrane modules
for 1 membrane bankfor 1 membrane bank
•• Modules connect to Modules connect to
common headercommon header
•• Permeate drawn from Permeate drawn from
both sides (L and R)both sides (L and R)
•• Constant coarse Constant coarse
bubble aerationbubble aeration
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Mitsubishi / GE IonicsMitsubishi / GE Ionics
•• Membranes submerged in aeration basinMembranes submerged in aeration basin
•• System operates with membrane relax, no System operates with membrane relax, no
backpulsebackpulse
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Membrane ComparisonMembrane Comparison
--0.50.50.40.4MitsubishMitsubish
ii
170170--0.40.4KubotaKubota
4004000.20.20.080.08US FilterUS Filter
2902900.10.10.0350.035ZenonZenon
Membrane Membrane
Area/Footprint,Area/Footprint,
ftft22/ft/ft22
Absolute Absolute
MWCO,MWCO,
µµµµµµµµmm
Nominal Nominal
MWCO,MWCO,
µµµµµµµµmm
ManufacturerManufacturer
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Koch Koch PuronPuron
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EMBREMBR’’ss ““ReRe--BirthBirth””-- Air PumpsAir Pumps
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How does MBR compare How does MBR compare to what is to what is ““commoncommon””wastewater practice?wastewater practice?
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Drivers for Process Drivers for Process SelectionSelection
–– Intended use of treated waterIntended use of treated water
�� Effluent limitsEffluent limits
–– Scalability Scalability
�� Site constraintsSite constraints
�� Flexibility with Flexibility with
expansions/retrofitsexpansions/retrofits
–– Capital costCapital cost
–– O&M costO&M cost
–– Training/Expertise requirementTraining/Expertise requirement
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TechnologiesTechnologies
Goal is to remove COD, TN, TSS, Goal is to remove COD, TN, TSS, and Pathogensand Pathogens
Small to medium capacity < 5 MGDSmall to medium capacity < 5 MGD
•• Oxidation DitchOxidation Ditch
•• Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
•• Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
Large capacity > 5 MGDLarge capacity > 5 MGD
•• Conventional activated sludgeConventional activated sludge
•• Pure oxygen activated sludgePure oxygen activated sludge
•• Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
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Flow Scheme for Conventional Flow Scheme for Conventional Activated Sludge ProcessActivated Sludge Process
Backwash
Water
Secondary
Clarifier
Secondary
Clarifier
WASTE
To
Disinfection
Microfiltration
ConventionalConventionalAeration BasinAeration Basin
Primary Treated
Wastewater
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Flow Schemes for the MBR and Flow Schemes for the MBR and Conventional Activated Sludge Conventional Activated Sludge
ProcessProcess
Primary Treated
Wastewater
Backwash
Water
Secondary
Clarifier
WASTE
To
Disinfection
Microfiltration
ConventionalAeration Basin
WASTE
MBR
Aeration Basin
To
Disinfection
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Sequencing Batch Sequencing Batch ReactorsReactors
•• SBR is a fillSBR is a fill--and draw type and draw type
activated sludge systemactivated sludge system
»» Equalization, aeration and Equalization, aeration and
clarification all performed in the clarification all performed in the
same batch reactorsame batch reactor
React Settle Decant
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Retrofitting SBR with MBR
Capacity increases by 8-fold • “Batch” becomes “Continuous”
• MLSS increases from 3 to 10 g/L
DisinfectionPrimary Treated
Wastewater
Waste
Activate
Sludge
Membrane TankAeration Tank
Solids Recycle
QR = 3-5•Q
Q
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Oxidation DitchOxidation Ditch
Oxidation ditch is an activated sludge process
that utilizes long solids retention times
CAS SRT = 5 avg. days
Oxidation ditch SRT = 20 avg. days
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Oxidation DitchOxidation Ditch
• Double Ditch
• Triple Ditch
• Mechanical aerators
• More capacity, more ditches
•Typical HRT is 24 h
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TechnologiesTechnologiesAll conventional technologies that
compete with MBR use gravity for solid-liquid separation
•• Additional filtration process required to Additional filtration process required to attain recycled water statusattain recycled water status
•• Membrane filtration required to attain a Membrane filtration required to attain a similar water qualitysimilar water quality
•• MBR has great potential to reduce MBR has great potential to reduce disinfection requirements disinfection requirements
Commercial MBRs to date are not marketed in in a manner that allows operation similar to pure oxygen plants
•• Low SRT operation to prevent nitrification Low SRT operation to prevent nitrification and significantly reduce oxygen requirementsand significantly reduce oxygen requirements
•• This is because membrane fouling rates are This is because membrane fouling rates are increased with low SRT designsincreased with low SRT designs
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TechnologiesTechnologiesObvious winner for MBR
•• Space limitationsSpace limitations
•• High quality effluent requiredHigh quality effluent required
Debate amongst practicing engineers in USA as to the economics of MBR compared to membrane filtration of secondary effluents for large wastewater treatment facilities
•• Less aeration required on settled Less aeration required on settled effluent because less solids presenteffluent because less solids present
•• Higher flux and reduced capital costHigher flux and reduced capital cost
•• Reality is established cleaning Reality is established cleaning intervals are different (2intervals are different (2ndnd effluent effluent every 3 to 4 weeks while MBR every 1 every 3 to 4 weeks while MBR every 1 to 3 months)to 3 months)
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TechnologiesTechnologiesLarge membrane facilities treating secondary Large membrane facilities treating secondary
effluenteffluent
•• Orange County Water District 85 MGDOrange County Water District 85 MGD
•• West Basin Municipal Water District 40 West Basin Municipal Water District 40 MGDMGD
•• Clark County Water Reclamation District Clark County Water Reclamation District 30 MGD30 MGD
Large MBR facilitiesLarge MBR facilities
•• Traverse City 17 MGD facilityTraverse City 17 MGD facility
•• Tempe 10 MGD facilityTempe 10 MGD facility
•• King County King County BrightwaterBrightwater 38 MGD38 MGD
•• Irvine Ranch Water District 20 MGDIrvine Ranch Water District 20 MGD
MBRsMBRs economic viability depends on the economic viability depends on the entire picture of a given locationentire picture of a given location
•• Cost of land and availabilityCost of land and availability
•• Total present worth costsTotal present worth costs
•• Overall project goalsOverall project goals
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Principle Advantages of Principle Advantages of MBR ProcessMBR Process
•• High quality High quality
effluenteffluent
•• Compact Compact
FootprintFootprint
•• High MLSS High MLSS
concentrationsconcentrations
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•• Some obvious benefits Some obvious benefits
of of MBRsMBRs areare•• MBR produces an excellent MBR produces an excellent
effluent qualityeffluent quality
•• MBR has a much smaller MBR has a much smaller
footprintfootprint
•• smaller aeration tankssmaller aeration tanks
•• no clarifiersno clarifiers
•• no filters no filters
•• MBR has great potential for MBR has great potential for
being highly automated and being highly automated and
requiring little operator requiring little operator
attentionattention
MBR AdvantagesMBR Advantages
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•• MBR eliminates the need MBR eliminates the need
for monitoring sludge for monitoring sludge
settleability as ansettleability as an
operational parameteroperational parameter»»Effluent quality is not Effluent quality is not
dependent on operationsdependent on operations
»»Not necessary to determine Not necessary to determine
TSS/VSS concentrations to TSS/VSS concentrations to
maintain desired SRTmaintain desired SRT
»»Can use fixed waste rate Can use fixed waste rate
SRT=V/QSRT=V/QWASWAS
MBR AdvantagesMBR Advantages
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•• Higher MLSS concentrations (More bug Higher MLSS concentrations (More bug mass per volume)mass per volume)
––Membrane provides solidMembrane provides solid--liquid liquid separationseparation
»»SBR or Ox. Ditch 2SBR or Ox. Ditch 2--4 g/L4 g/L
»»MBR 8MBR 8--12 g/L12 g/L
•• MBR makes longer MBR makes longer SRTsSRTs feasiblefeasible
––Reduced solids handling costsReduced solids handling costs
––More stable nitrogen removal processMore stable nitrogen removal process
MBR AdvantagesMBR Advantages
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MBR AdvantagesMBR Advantages
Membrane provides an absolute barrier Membrane provides an absolute barrier
and effluent quality is no longer a and effluent quality is no longer a
concern.concern.
ND to 10ND to 101000 to 1000 to
10,00010,000
Fecal Fecal
Coliform, Coliform,
#/100 #/100 mLmL
<0.2<0.22 to 52 to 5Turbidity, NTUTurbidity, NTU
ND (<2)ND (<2)5 to 105 to 10TSS, mg/LTSS, mg/L
Typical MBR Typical MBR
EffluentEffluent
Well Well
Operated Operated
CAS CAS
EffluentEffluent
Water QualityWater Quality
ParameterParameter
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•• Public Health BenefitPublic Health Benefit
––Membrane is an Membrane is an absolute barrier that absolute barrier that physically removes all physically removes all pathogenspathogens
–– Conventional Conventional technologies depend on technologies depend on highly selective highly selective chemical or chemical or photochemical reactionphotochemical reaction
»»Pathogens may repair Pathogens may repair themselves and reactivatethemselves and reactivate
–– Results from operating Results from operating MBR plants:MBR plants:
MBR AdvantagesMBR Advantages
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Total ColiformsTotal Coliforms
MitsubishiMitsubishi
ZenonZenon
1E+00
1E+01
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500
Time of Operation, h
Concentration, MPN/100mL
Primary Eff luent Total Coliforms MBR Permeate Total Coliforms
open symbols denote below detection limit
1E+00
1E+01
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500
Time of Operation, h
Concentration, MPN/100 m
L
Primary Eff luent Total Coliforms MBR Permeate Total Coliforms
open symbols denote below detection limit
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Fecal ColiformsFecal Coliforms
MitsubishiMitsubishi
ZenonZenon
1E+00
1E+01
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500
Time of Operation. h
Concentration, MPN/100mL
Primary Effluent Fecal Coliforms MBR Permeate Fecal Coliforms
1E+00
1E+01
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500
Time of Operation, h
Concentration, MPN/100 m
L
Primary Effluent Fecal Coliforms MBR Permeate Fecal Coliforms
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Indigenous Indigenous ColiphageColiphage
Mitsubishi
ZenonZenon
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500
Time of Operation, h
Concentration, PFU/100 m
L
Primary Eff luent Total Coliphage MBR Permeate Total Coliphage
1E+00
1E+01
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500
Time of Operation, h
Concentration, PFU/100 m
L
Primary Eff luent Total Coliphage MBR Permeate Total Coliphage
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•• MBR Effluent Allows Modern Objectives to be MBR Effluent Allows Modern Objectives to be
RealizedRealized
–– Ideal for UV disinfectionIdeal for UV disinfection
»» All particulate matter and suspended solids that All particulate matter and suspended solids that
can interfere with UV have been rejected at can interfere with UV have been rejected at
membrane barriermembrane barrier
»» High percent High percent transmissivitytransmissivity (>70%)(>70%)
»» Dose of 80 mJ/cmDose of 80 mJ/cm22 adequate for MBR effluent, adequate for MBR effluent,
while 100 mJ/cmwhile 100 mJ/cm22 required for granular filtered required for granular filtered
wastewaterwastewater
–– Ideal pretreatment process for reducing TDSIdeal pretreatment process for reducing TDS
»»Suitable for direct feed to ROSuitable for direct feed to RO
»»ChloramineChloramine residual is requiredresidual is required
Why MBR?Why MBR?
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0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
Time of Operation, h
Net Operating Pressure, psi
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Temperature, °C
Net Operating Pressure Temperature
Plant shutdow n
Feed TDS = 1200 mg/L
Aqua 2000 Bureau StudyAqua 2000 Bureau Study[[FilmtecFilmtec BW 30BW 30--4040, low pressure TFC RO membranes]4040, low pressure TFC RO membranes]
11 weeks
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Principle Disadvantage of MBR Principle Disadvantage of MBR ProcessProcess
•• Ability to maintain hydraulic capacityAbility to maintain hydraulic capacity
•• All treated wastewater exiting an MBR All treated wastewater exiting an MBR
process must pass through the membraneprocess must pass through the membrane
•• Peak flows are Peak flows are a particularly a particularly significant significant issueissue
•• Cold weather Cold weather can further can further complicate this complicate this issueissue
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Peaking StudiesPeaking Studies
•• Peaking studies are commonly Peaking studies are commonly
performed to estimate the sustainable performed to estimate the sustainable
flux under wet weather flow scenariosflux under wet weather flow scenarios
•• These peaking studies are frequently These peaking studies are frequently
performed during dry weather performed during dry weather
conditions and not during a storm conditions and not during a storm
eventevent
•• Typically, the flux is increased to Typically, the flux is increased to
mimic storm conditions for a period mimic storm conditions for a period
of hours or daysof hours or days
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Peaking StudiesPeaking Studies
•• Three significant issues to be aware of:Three significant issues to be aware of:
–– New membranes do not provide New membranes do not provide
representative performancerepresentative performance
–– Temperature influence on TMP needs to be Temperature influence on TMP needs to be
accounted foraccounted forFlux @ 206C Overall Vacuum Pressure
–– Sustainable Sustainable
membrane flux membrane flux
is is greatly greatly
influencedinfluenced by by
mixed liquor mixed liquor
propertiesproperties
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TechnologiesTechnologiesManufacturers and design engineers are
still learning how to address peak
flows
Store peak flow in equalization tanksStore peak flow in equalization tanks
•• Need adequate spaceNeed adequate space
•• Generally required for peaking factor > Generally required for peaking factor >
2.52.5
•• Economics will depend on the specific Economics will depend on the specific
applicationapplication
Purchase additional membrane capacityPurchase additional membrane capacity
•• Generally more expensive solution for Generally more expensive solution for
peaks > 2.5peaks > 2.5
•• Often preferred by the MBR manufacturerOften preferred by the MBR manufacturer
•• Design decisions need to be made with Design decisions need to be made with
extra membranes (e.g. operate or store)extra membranes (e.g. operate or store)
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Break/Questions? Break/Questions?