Download - Matter & Energy Give me matter and motion, and I will construct the universe. Rene Descartes
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Matter & Energy
Give me matter and motion, and I will construct theuniverse.
Rene Descartes
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ENERGY
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It is important to realize that in physics today,we have no knowledge of what energy is.
Richard P. Feynman
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When is expenditure of energy required?
* tossing a ball* lifting a rock* launching a rocket
When is expenditure of energy not required?
* Rocket coasting through space
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Satellite orbitingEarth requires noexpenditure ofenergy.
Expenditure of energy seems torequire motion and force.
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* Kinetic Energy (Energy of Motion)> Thermal (heat) energy
* Potential Energy (Stored Energy)> Elastic energy> Gravitational energy> Chemical energy> Electrical energy> Magnetic energy> Mass-energy
* Radiative Energy
Some Varieties of Energy
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Kinetic Energy (KE)
Mass (m)
Speed (v)
* KE m
* KE v2
2mv2
1 KE
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Heat & Temperature
Higher Temp. Lower Temp.
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Conservation of Energy
Energy neither appears nor disappears. It may be converted from one kind to another, in whichcase the total amount of energy is unchanged.
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Conservation of Energy + Mass
* Einstein: mass and energy are interchangeable
2mc E mass
(speed of light)2
* Total of mass + energy is what’s really conserved!
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0.1 kg mass Energy
equivalent to detonating
1 million tons TNT(1 ‘megaton’)
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MATTER
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ATOMS
When it comes to atoms, language can be usedonly as in poetry. The poet, too, is not nearly so concerned with describing facts as withcreating images.
- J. Bronowski
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Old Picture:
ElectronsorbitNucleus:
larger orbit moreenergy
(‘Bohr Atom’)
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New Picture
Electron ‘cloud’
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Distance from Nucleus
Pro
bab
ilit
y of
Fin
din
g E
lect
ron
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lowest energy
next lowest energyor
or ornext lowestenergy
In 3-D
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HydrogenEnergyLevels(1 electron)
Ground State
Excited States
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SodiumEnergyLevels(11 electrons)
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Atoms are usually neutral:
# protons = # electrons
Ions: atoms with one or more electrons added and/or removed
A chemical element consists of atoms with equal numbers of protons
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Isotopes consist of atoms of an element with a different number of neutrons
#protons#neutrons
e.g.,Hydrogen 1 0 Deuterium 1 1 Tritium 1 2
Atoms can bind together in molecules
A molecule is the smallest unit of a compound
e.g., CO2, H2O, etc
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Phases of Bulk Matter
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma
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Tem
per
atu
re
(Avg
. Kin
etic
En
ergy
)
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Fully Ionized