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Marine Mammal Reproductive Structures, Strategies, & Patterns
MARE 390 Dr. Turner
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Testes, One, Two
Phocid – testes inguinalOtariids – testes scrotalWalrus – inguinal; scrotal during matingPinnipeds – bacculum (penis bone)
Cetaceans & Sirenians – fibroelastic penis
“We're talking about S-E-X in front of the C-H-I-L-D-R-E-N." – Maude Flanders
"What?!?! Sex cauldron? I thought they closed that place down“ – Krusty the Clown
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Sex Your Seal Ma’am?Teats & position of genital opening
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I’m Too Sexy for my DolphinDistance between Anal & Genital slit♀ both within common groove♂ separation between; testes internal cavity
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Is that a manatee in your pocket..?Distance between Anal & Genital slit♀ short distance♂ separation between; testes internal cavity
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Reproduction
↑ Fitness of female = ↑ Fitness offspring
Females: cost of egg, pregnancy, lactation, postnatal care
Males: invest energy in competition with other males (physical & sperm)
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Reproduction
Pinniped, Ursid, mustellid mating typically on land; some phocids shallow water
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Reproduction
Cetaceans – belly-to-belly
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Reproduction
Sirenians – belly-to-belly
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Gestation
Placental mammals – 18 days to 22-24 months
Marine mammals: sea otter (6-7mo) to Sperm whale (16.5mo)
↑ Gestation time = ↑ Fetus size
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Gestation
Mass (kg) Gest.(mo) Int.(Y)Harbor seal 11 9-12 1N. Elephant 40 11 1N. fur seal 6 12 1Walrus 50 14-16 2-4Porpoises 8 8-11n/aBottlenose 20 12 n/aSperm Whale 1050 14-16 3Blue Whale 2500 11-12 2-3
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Gestation
Mass (kg) Gest.(mo) Int.(Y)Manatee 30 12-13 2-5Dugong n/a 14 3-7Sea Otter 2 6-7 1Polar Bear 0.7 8 2-4
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Delayed Implantation
Delayed implantation – development of the blastocyst is slow or negligible
Is obligate in pinnipeds, ursids, and mustelids
Period of delayed implantation allows flexibility of timing of parturition, and is controlled by photoperiod
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Delayed Implantation
Dev.Gest(mo) Delay Impl.(mo)Harbor seal 8-9.5 1.5-3N. Elephant 7 4N. fur seal 8 4Walrus 10-11 4-5Sea Otter 4 2-3Polar Bear 4 4
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Pinniped Reproduction
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Pinniped Reproductive Cycle
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Cetacean Reproductive Cycle
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Change in latitude in grey whales
Migration
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Mating Systems
High degree of variability in reproductive systems
2 major groups: polygyny & promiscuity
Polygyny – successful male mating with several females
Promiscuity – males associate with several females during a variable amount of time
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Evolution of Polygyny
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Mating Systems
Driven by sexual selection – competition
1. Contest comp. – Direct comp. over ♀2. Endurance comp. – ♂ Endure longer3. Scramble comp. – Search/locate ♀4. Mate choice comp. – Entice/attract ♀5. Sperm comp. - ↑ Quality/Quantity of sperm
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Pinniped Mating Systems
Male otariids typically utilize Resource Defense PolygynyCharacteristics:1. Males arrive before females2. Females receptive close to place of birth3. Rookery substrate stable but discontinous4. Few aggressive interactions once dominance is established
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Otariid Mating Systems
Most males defend Territories – not females
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Pinniped Mating Systems
Male phocids typically utilize Female (Harem) Defense PolygynyCharacteristics:
Most dominant male (Alpha) defends females from other subordinate males
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Phocid Mating Systems
Most males defendFemales – not Territories
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Phocid Mating Systems
Elephant Seals – High level polygyny – alpha controls large harems
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Phocid Mating Systems
Monk Seals – Low level polygyny – alpha controls individual females
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Odobenid Mating Systems
Walrus – either display a Female-Defense Polygyny (like Phocids) or a Lek-like behavior (similar to Otarriids)
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Odobenid Mating Systems
Lek - gathering of males, of certain animal species, for the purposes of competitive mating display
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Cetacean Mating Systems
Mysticetes – little social behavior beyond mother-calf pair
Many utilize sperm competition – attempt to dilute out other males sperm
Odontocetes – exist in groups of variable size for persist longer than any member’s life span
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Odontocete Social Groups
Arranged as schools, pods, or units
Size varies by species & geographic location
Mating structure a mixture of promiscuous & polygynous
Male-male competition – sexual dimorphism
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Spinner Social Groups
Aggregate in schools of up to 100 individualssubgroups – up to 12
Subgroups travel in echelon formation
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Orca Social Groups
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Sperm Whale Social Groups
Similar to orca groups
Males leave pods and form juvenile groups
Solitary adult males rove among female groups
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Sirenian Mating Systems
Similar to mysticetes- little social structure past mother-calf pairs
Animals congregate into herds during summer months to breed
Dugongs found in larger associations than manatees
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Lactation Strategies
Most energetically expensive aspect of reproduction
Best interest to pass as much energy as possibly even at expense of future offspring
3 strategies: Fasting, Foraging Cycle, Aquatic Nursing
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Fasting Lactation Strategy
Example: Northern elephant seal
Duration of fasting: All of lactation
Duration of lactation: Short (4-weeks)
Fat content of milk: High (55%)
Pups forage during lactation: No
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Foraging Cycle Lactation Strategy
Example: Antarctic fur seal
Duration of fasting: Variable (few days)
Duration of lactation: Intermediate (4-months)
Fat content of milk: Intermediate (40%)
Pups forage during lactation: No
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Aquatic Nursing Lactation Strategy
Example: Walrus
Duration of fasting: Short (hours-days)
Duration of lactation: Long (2-3 years)
Fat content of milk: Low (2-3%)
Pups forage during lactation: Yes
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Lactation
Length(w) Fat% Prot.%Harbor seal 3.4 50 9N. Elephant 4 54 5-12N. fur seal 18 42 14Walrus 100 14-32 5-11Porpoise 32 46 11Bottlenose 76 14 12-18Sperm Whale 100 15-35 8-10Blue Whale 24-28 35-50 11-14
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Length(w) Fat% Prot.%Manatee 52 n/a n/aDugong 78 n/a n/aSea Otter 20-30 21-26 9-12Polar Bear 130 17-36 9-13
Lactation
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Got Milk!