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Marco Cervi BSc, DVM, DACVSNovember 5th, 2017
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• Consistent• Thorough• Isolation• Repeatable• Appropriate diagnostics• Improve clinical skills
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• Breed• Age • Congenital vs. acquired injuries
• Qualification of lameness• Acute vs. chronic• Static vs. progressive
• Persistent vs. intermittent• Exercise vs. rest• Mild -> non-weight bearing• “Tumor lame”
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• Complete examination• Systemic health
• Observe walking • Before exam
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• Complete examination• Systemic health
• Observe walking • Before exam• Repeat afterwards
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• Both limbs simultaneously• Swelling• Asymmetry • Atrophy• Wounds/abrasions
• Neuro exam • Postural reflexes• Neck manipulation• Spinal• L-S palpation
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• What’s normal• Exam • Reaction
• Standing or lateral• Comfort
• Start at the toes• Consistent• Thorough
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• Move to problem leg• Save painful manipulations for last• Easier• You• Patient• Owner
• Complete in entirety• Repeat if necessary• Exercise
• REPEAT!!
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• Scapula• Shoulder joint• Humerus• Elbow• Antebrachium• Carpus• Digits
• Cervical Spine• Axillary Region
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• Palpate each bone & joint• Symmetry• Swelling
• Instability• Crepitus
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• Nail beds• Infection• Neoplasia• Amputation??
• Laceration• SDF• DDF• Dropped foot
• FB
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• Wart-like lesions• Greyhounds vs. Non-Greyhound• weight bearing digits• inflammatory• papillomavirus• surgical excision?
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• Sesamoid injuries• Rottweiller• #2 and #7
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• Surgical vs Conservative?• Fractures or luxations• >2• #3 and #4
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• Range of motion• Crepitus • Effusion/thickening• Dorsal joint surfaces
• Stability• Flexion & extension• Collaterals• Palmar fibrocartilage
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• IMPA, monoarthropathies• Congenital
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• Congenital• Trauma• Fractures• Ligament injuries
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• Hyperextension injuries• Stress radiography• Splints?• Surgery?
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• Swelling• Discomfort• Symmetry• Ddx• Panosteitis• RUIN• Masses – lipoma• Fractures
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• Symmetry• Swelling and discomfort
• Trauma• Fractures• Toy breeds
• Panosteitis
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• Traumatic lameness• Pain on palpation• Localized R/U lesion• Etiology• Unknown• Secondary to IO ligament tears and necrosis?
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• Radiographs• Cortical osteolysis• Enthesiophytosis
• CT scan
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• Unusual• Supinator• Radiographs• Normal
• CT scan
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• Symmetry• Swelling and discomfort
• Traauma• Fractures• Toy breeds
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• Distal diaphyseal - 95%• Morphologic difference in bone• Decreased vascular density• Tx?• External coaptation? • Malalignment/malunion • >80%
• ESF• ORIF• Osteopenia• Stress protection• Dynamization
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• Most commonly affected joint • Close attention• Effusion• ROM• Thickening
• Palpate MCP for pain• Often non-specific
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• Radiographic diagnosis• Advance imaging• Arthroscopy
• Trauma• Fx/luxation
• UAP• FCP• OCD• UME• Incongruency
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• Normal fusion at 4-5 months of age• Form of OCD?• Incongruency?• Bassets/chondrodystrophic breeds
• 6-12 months• Hyperflexed lateral • Concurrent disease• Surgery• Reattachment• Excision
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• Labrador Retrievers, GSD, Lg Breed dogs• Ossification of flexor tendons• OCD related lesion?
• Often incidental findings• Bilateral condition
• R/O concurrent dz• Excision• Fixation
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• Endochondral ossification• Lg breed dogs• 5-7 months
• Radiographs• Arthroscopy• FCP• Kissing lesion
• OATS• SynaCart
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• Asynchronous growth• Radius• Ulna• Distal growth plate
• Traumatic• Chondrodystrophy• Carpal deviation
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• Endochondral ossification vs. incongruency• Lg. Breed dogs• 5-7 months• Older?
• Decreased ROM• Direct palpation• Indirect palpation
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• Diagnosis• Radiographs• Arthroscopy• CT Scan
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• Treatment Options• Arthroscopic removal• Subtotal coronoidectomy• SHO • Total Elbow Replacement• Conservative?
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• Tate Total Elbow• Canine Unicompartmental Elbow
Resurfacing (CUE)
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• Primary goal• Remove pain• Restore ffull function• High performance dogs
• Principles• Bone sparing• No luxation• Cementless• Maintains stabilizers• Contact through stance ROM
ngs
nce ROM
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• Implants• Cobalt-chrome• Titanium bone in growth (BioSync)• Limits loosening
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• Medial Compartment Disease• Cartilage loss/OA• Humeral condyle• Medial coronoid
• Clinical signs – lameness, pain• “Failed” tx – many attempts• Arthroscopy done• Joint injections• Medical management exhausted
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• First 100 cases• 91% full or acceptable• 9% unacceptable• Lameness grades improved• Force mat weight distribution• Improved to ~28-29%
• 6 months PO!!• Performance dogs• 90% returned to function (~65/75)
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• Complications• 61% none• 27% minor• 11% major• Implant malpositioning: technical error• Infection: extra-articular• Medial epicondylar avulsion
• 1% catastrophic
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• Diet• NSAIDS• Chondroprotectants?• Oral Glucosamine• Adequan
• IA therapy• Stem cell?• Pain?
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• Careful palpation• Asymmetry• Atrophy
• Pain/swelling• Fractures• Condylar• Puppies• Adult dogs??
• Neoplasia – Hx!!
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• Trauma – low energy• S-H Type IV• Peak 4 months• French Bulldog
• Spaniels• Radiographs• Cr-Ca
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• ORIF• Closed – fluoroscopy• Joint congruity
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• Atrophy• Full range of motion• Resistance • Discomfort• Crepitus
• Biceps tendon• Flexion• Insertional palpation
• Instability
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• OCD• Bicipital tenosysnovitis• Trauma• Luxations• Medial vs. Lateral
• Neoplasia
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• OCD
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• OCD• Bicipital Tenosysnovitis• Lateral and AP views• Ultrasound
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• OCD• Bicipital Tenosysnovitis• Lateral and AP views• Ultrasound• MRI• Arthroscopy
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• Soft Tissue Injuries• PE• Ultrasound• MRI• Arthroscopy
• Infraspinatus Contracture• Supraspinatus tendinopathy• MGHL Instability
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• HX and PE• Characteristic lameness• Acute• Transient• Gradual• Non painful• Circumduction
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• Open sx• Severe tendon• Rest• Curative
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• High activity/agility• Swimming• Pain?• Flexion• Palpation
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• Radiographs• MSK US• Advanced Imaging
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• Tx• Surgical removal• Conservative
• ADPC/PRP• 55 dogs• US guided IL injection• 88% normal• 12% markedly improved
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• Abduction angles?• 30-55 degrees• Refuted• Not repeatable
• Imaging• MRI• Arthroscopy
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• Tx Options• PT• Sx
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• Palpate thoroughly• Acromion• Glenoid• Spine• Body• Musculature• Atrophy• Shoulder joint??
• Luxation
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• Axillary Masses• Usually nervous tissue origin• Often painful• Deep palpation• Palpable mass?
• Often overlooked• Diagnosis• MRI• Tru-cut
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• Unilateral lesions• Common presentation for lameness
• Reassess proprioception• Spinal reflexes if indicated
• Palpate firmly for pain• Weakness
• Commonly• IVDD• Cervical instability• Neoplasia??
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• Less common presentation• Multiple causes exist• More difficult to isolate
• Many breed specific• History & Signalment• Imperative • Direction• Initial rule-outs
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• Monoarthritis• Infectious
• Polyarthritis• Infectious• Neoplastic• Rheumatoid• IMPA
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• Single/any joint• Acute onset• Marked NWB• Marked pain• Swelling/warm• Usually traumatic or penetrating wound• +/- fever
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• Radiographs
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• Arthrocentesis• Surgical prep• Sterile gloves
• Cytology• Degenerate neutrophils• Bacteria
• C/S• Aerobic/Anaerobic – 100%• Staph/strep
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• Gold standard of tx• IVF, broad spectrum IV antibiotics, pain
management, anti-inflammatory drugs for 24-48hrs
• Coverage• Broad spectrum abx• 6 weeks
• Pain management PRN• Sx• Not indicated
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• Erosive polyarthropathy• Few options
• Medical management• Steroid or NSAID • Multimodal pain mgmt
• Surgical• Pancarpal arthrodesis?• More aesthetics for people
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• Hx and PE• Reluctance to walk/move/jump• Anorexia• FUO• Pain on ROM• Walking on eggshells• Effusion?• Little white dogs
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• Full diagnostic work up!• CBC, chem, U/A• Immune panel – Coombs, ANA, rH factor• Tick panel• Serology and PCR
• CXR• Abdominal U/S
• Joint taps and cytology• Distal• Multiple
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• Treatment• Immune suppression• Prednisone - tapering• Recheck/monitor• D/C• Relapse • ~30%• Pred• Cyclosporine• Azathioprine• Leflunomide
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• Digits• Tarsus• Achilles mechanism• Stifle• Coxofemoral joint• Inguinal region• Pelvis – rectal exam!!
• Spine• Lumbosacral joint
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• Common findings• Trauma• Fractures/luxations
• Neoplasia• Hypertrophic osteopathy• Degenerative disease• IMPA vs Rheumatoid
• Sesamoid fractures• Papilloma lesions
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• Swelling• Palpate base of calcaneus• Dorsal joint surface
• ROM • Crepitation
• Stability• Flexion & extension• Long and short CLL
• Achilles tendon
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• OCD• IMPA, monoarthropathies• Neoplasia• Synovial cell • OSA
• Trauma• Luxations• Fractures• Sheering injuries
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• Tarsal extension• 3 components• Gastrocnemius• SDF• Common tendon
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• Signalment & Hx• Chronic non responsive lameness• Large breed, active• Trauma?• Cats – female/geriatric/BCS
• PE• Thickened• Non painful• Characteristic gait/stance • Palpate disruption
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• Types• Partial rupture• Avulsion• Traumatic transection
• Diagnostics• Radiographs• US?
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• Tx - ASAP• Anastomosis• Tendinorrhaphy• Suture pattern• 3-loop pulley• Double locking loop• Prolene
• External coaptation• ESF• Bivalved cast• Trans calcaneal screw
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• Fractures• Malleolar• Pins• External coaptation
• Diaphyseal• Tibial tuberosity avulsion
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• Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis• Biologic fracture healing• Contralateral limb• Fluoroscopy• Minimal morbidity• Faster healing
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• MI• Fluoroscopy• Limited
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• Acute onset lameness• Juvenile• ST swelling• Effusion• Pain on point palpation• Palpable fragment• Insertion quadriceps femoris• MPL• Patella alta
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• Minimal displacement• Flexed radiograph• Contralateral radiograph• Conservative mgmt• External coaptation• Small breed• 2-3 weeks
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• ORIF• K-wires• +/- tension band
• “Spiking” technique• Fluoroscopic• Closed• Similar outcomes
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• Cranial cruciate ligament DISEASE• Patellar luxations• Lateral• Medial
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• CaCL• CCL• Intra-articular• Extra-synovial• CCL – 2 bands• Caudolateral (larger)• Craniomedial
• Menisci• Cranial/caudal meniscotibial ligaments• Meniscofemoral ligament (LM only)
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• Diarthrodial• Hinged – not pure• Cranial/caudal• Internal/external rotation• Lateral/medial translation
• Gait cycle• Up to 20% valgus/varus• Internal/external rotation
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• Lameness – any type• Pain on full extension• Medial buttress• Sit test• Cranial drawer• False positives – juvenile• Domitor/opioid• Examine contralateral
• Cranial tibial thrust• Full extension only• NEVER lies!!
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• Cranial drawer – partial tear• Craniomedial (CM) band disruption
• Extension• Both taught• No laxity
• Flexion• CM taught, CL lax• Palpable laxity/drawer
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• Bilateral tears• Down in hind end• Appear neurologic• Hunched posture• Feet placed rostrally• Short-strided gait
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• Complete CCL rupture – 9.5x• Pain on flexion – 4x• Palpable meniscal click – 11x• High indication that tear exists• ~75% diagnostic accuracy• ~30% incidence of CMT
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• Radiographs• 2 view orthogonal• Effusion• DJD• Distal patella• Fabellae• Proximal trochlea
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• MRI/CT?• Arthroscopy• Intraoperative• Meniscal evaluation• Arthrotomy inferior• Probing – 2x accuracy
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• Conservative mgmt?• No evidence, not recommended
• Surgical stabilization• Proximal Tibial Epiphysiodesis (PTE)• ECS• Tightrope• Nylon band
• Osteotomies• TPLO• TTA• CTWO• MMP
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• Juvenile• ~ < 8 months• ~ < 11-12 Giant breed
• Mini approach• Fluoroscopy• K-wire, screw• Cranial growth plate• Plateau levelling• Tibial valgus/varus
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• Choose your cases!• Joint evaluation• TPA angle• >30 degrees - osteotomy
• Anchor points• Isometry
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• Choose your cases!• Joint evaluation• TPA angle
• Anchor points• Isometry
• Ligament debridement?• Double loop double crimp
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• Eliminate cranial tibial thrust• Expected ffull function
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• Make a good cut!! • Make a shitty cut!!Do’s Don’ts
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• Arthroscopy/otomy• Meniscal evaluation• Probing• Partial meniscectomy
• Use locking plates• Bicortical screws
• Formal rehab
• Meniscal release• Use a bandage PO• Debride remnants
Do’s Don’ts
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• Strength• SS implants• Bone healing
• JAVMA Gordon-Evans et al 2013 • PVF walk & trot – 1 yr• 5-11% higher• Owner satisfaction (survey)• 93% vs. 75%
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• VetSurg Nelson et al 2013 • 8 weeks PO • PVF and VI – more symmetric limbs• 6 months PO TPLO same as control• ECS less symmetric at all times PO• TPLO by 1 yr PO• Limb function indistinguishable from control
• VCOT Moeller et al 2010• Thigh circumference – 1 to 5yr PO• 98.5% TPLO
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• Regardless of stabilization technique….• Some motion in stifle in stance phase• Boettcher et al – fluoroscopic 3D kinematics• CCL deficient stifle• TR/ECS > TTA > TPLO -all had motion!!• Explains post-liminary meniscal tears
• Neutralize all forces• Dynamic - TPLO/TTA• Static – extracapsular stabilization• Locking plate + Internal brace (knotless)
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• Developmental disorder• Internal tibial rotation• Proximal tibial varus• Hypoplasia medial femoral condyle• Shallow trochlear groove• Femoral varus• Coxa vara
• Malalignment of extensor apparatus• Medial/lateral/bidirectional
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• Grade 1• Incidental
• Grade 2• Intermittent lameness
• Grade 3• Mild/moderate/severe• Continuous luxation during ambulation• Reducible
• Grade 4• Permanent luxation• Non reducible
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• Small breed• 95-98% medial• 50-65% bilateral• Female ~2:1
• Medium to giant breed• 83%, 81%, 67%• Male ~ 2:1• Labrador Retriever most affected
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• Factors to consider• Degree of skeletal deformity• OA present • Rotational instability• Sagittal instability (CCL rupture)• Potential for OA progression
• Individual tx plan
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• Grade 1• No clinical signs – conservative• Recurrent lameness – reevaluated
• Grade 4• Early correction
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• Grade 2• Minimal OA• Mild/occasional clinical signs• Conservative w/ reevaluation
• Significant clinical signs – correction• Episodes lasting > 2-3 weeks• > 3 episodes short time frame (1 month)
• Grade 3• Juvenile – correction• Adult?• Incidental finding – conservative• Clinical signs - correction
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• Soft tissue reconstruction• Lateral imbrication• Medial release• Leave medial open if under tension
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• RULES!• Never used as primary repair• UNLESS – traumatic PL• OR – 1st stage of two stage repair
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• Orthopedic• Always necessary!!!
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• “Plasty”• Wedge recession• Block recession• Chondroplasty• Trochleoplasty• Trochlear implant
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• Tibial tuberosity transposition• Divergent pins• Directional pins• +/- tension band
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• Femoral reconstruction• Lateral closing wedge ostectomy
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• Proximal• Epiphyseal• Physeal• Subcapsular• Transcervical• Basilar neck• Supratrocanteric• Subtrocanteric
• Blood supply
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• Blood supply• Intraosseus• Intracapsular• Extraosseus• Extracapsular• Vascular ring
• Susceptible• Surgery• Choose wisely!
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• Distal• S-H fractures• Type II dogs• Type I cats
• Surgery only• Semi insertions• Cross pinning
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• Luxations• Dysplasia
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• There’s nothing new…..• FHO• THR• TPO/DPO• Medical management BUT• Pain management• Tramadol 5mg/kg TID
• Prevention?• JPS
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• Improve congruity• Increased Norberg Angle (NA)• Less laxity• Decreased distraction index (DI)• Similar to TPO/DPO
• Early screening• ~ 12-14 weeks of age• Ortolani• Specific breeds
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• Distraction Index• PennHip radiographs• 0.4-0.7• >0.7?
• Pubic growth plate• Cauterization• Cranial 1/3 only
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• Outcomes• 14-22 weeks• Best outcomes 12-18 weeks• Less benefit 19-24 weeks• Pelvic canal narrowing
• CT study• 2 year follow up• Control population• All improved
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• Traumatic displacements• femoral head and acetabulum
• Subluxation• partial dislocation
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• Motor vehicle trauma• 60-85%
• Concurrent injuries• 35-55%• Fractures• Thoracic abnormalities
• Spontaneous
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• Primary stabilizers• DAR, LHF, capsule
• Secondary stabilizers• Hip/gluteal muscles• Ventral acetabular ligament• Acetabular labrum
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• Cranio-dorsal• Forces through femur• Joint stabilizers tear• Young dogs
• Caudo-ventral• Falls, abducted/internal rotation• 1-3%
• Bilateral• 3-6%
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TYPE A TYPE BTYPE C
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• Physical examination• Radiographs
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• PE and palpation• Lameness• Swelling• Pain• Crepitation• Greater trochanter
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• Cranio-dorsal• Shorter• Adduction• External rotation• Stifle outward, tarsus inward
• Caudo-ventral• Longer• Abduction• Internal rotation
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TYPE A TYPE B TYPE C
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• Conservative management• Surgical management
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• Closed Reduction• ONLY FOR KNOWN TRAUMA!• Type A• 4-5 days
• Complicating factors• Muscle contracture• Soft tissue• Joint capsule degeneration
• External coaptation• Pain mgmt./NSAIDS
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• Femoral head rotation• Traction• Repetitive ROM
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• Hobbles• Ventral
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• Ehmer sling• Adduction• External Rotation• dogleggs.com
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• Anchored prosthetic capsule• Toggle pinning• FHO• THR
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• Left vs Right• Implant position
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• Reluxation• Implant migration or failure• Neurologic• Articular cartilage damage
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• Bone cutters/sagittal saw• Externally rotate• Lesser trochanter
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• Able to consistently identify problems• Complete examination• Systemic health• Forelimbs• Sound leg• Problem leg
• Imaging interpretation• DACVR Review
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• Radiographs• Focus on problem(s)• Contra-lateral view• Stress views
• Joint taps• Advanced imaging• CT – bony lesion• MRI – soft tissue lesions• Ultrasound • Muscle & tendon injuries
• Neurological work-up
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• Medical vs. surgical problem• Ideal intervention• Prevent progression of arthritis
• Surgical intervention if applicable• Appropriate aftercare• Formal Rehabilitation