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Maps
Pg. 21
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Overview of Earth Science• Formation of Earth- nebular hypothesis;
formed from a rotating cloud made of H and He
• 4 major spheres- – Hydrosphere: all water on Earth – Atmosphere- gasses surrounding Earth– Geosphere- Rocks, minerals, the interior– Biosphere- all life on Earth
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Determining location
• Use two measurements to measure location: latitude and longitude
• Measured in degrees• Latitude is position north or south of the
equator (lines run horizontally)– 0-90 degrees N & S
• Longitude is position east or west of the prime meridian (lines run vertically)– 0 and 180 degrees W & E
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Global Grid
• Equator marks 0o latitude– Divide northern and southern hemispheres
• Prime meridian marks 0o longitude– Divides eastern and western hemispheres– Runs through Greenwich, England
• Can mark absolute location of something– Latitude then longitude (32o N, 81o W)
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Globes
• Accurate way to map Earth in the way it truly is, just scaled down
• Problem: not specific enough to be useful for everyday
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The Mercator Projection• Gerardus Mercator created the map to help
sailors navigate around Earth• Lines of longitude are parallel• Sizes and distances distorted, but directions
accurate
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Robinson Projection map• Show most distances, sizes, and shapes
accurately.• Distortions around the edges• Shows whole globe as a flat map
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Conic Projection Maps• Made by wrapping a cone of paper around a
certain latitude• Almost no distortion along line of latitude,
but much away• Used to make road and weather maps
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Gnomonic Projections• Place a piece of paper on a globe so it touches
one point• Points and lines are then projected on the paper• Shows with accuracy the shortest distance
between two points
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Topographic maps
• Represents Earth’s 3D surface in 2D• Shows elevation using contour lines• Also show water, roads, buildings, political
boundaries, etc.• Very useful
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Contour lines
• Every position along a single line represents the same elevation
• Every 5th line is bold and has the elevation labeled called index contour
• Contour interval tells you difference between adjacent lines
• Form a V when crossing a stream– Apex of the V points up stream
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Steepness• Can be determined by examining closeness
of lines• Closer the lines, steeper the slope• Contour lines that form a circle represent a
hill• A depression is represented by circles with
hash marks that point to the center• Lines never intersect unless there is a
vertical cliff
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Scale• Need to represent large areas• Scale them down• Use ratios to represent scale (1:24,000)• Bar scales are represented on maps so you ca
measure distance
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Geologic Maps
• Shows the type and age of exposed rocks• Each rock formation is assigned a color and
sometimes a pattern