![Page 1: MAP-Tele Manuel P. Ricardopaginas.fe.up.pt/~mricardo/07_08/wnp/slides/wnp-mpr-qos.pdfWNP-MPR-qos 1 Wireless Networks and Protocols MAP-Tele Manuel P. Ricardo Faculdadede EngenhariadaUniversidadedo](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040623/5d3df4e288c993707f8d23cb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
WNP-MPR-qos 1
Wireless Networks and Protocols
MAP-Tele
Manuel P. Ricardo
Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto
![Page 2: MAP-Tele Manuel P. Ricardopaginas.fe.up.pt/~mricardo/07_08/wnp/slides/wnp-mpr-qos.pdfWNP-MPR-qos 1 Wireless Networks and Protocols MAP-Tele Manuel P. Ricardo Faculdadede EngenhariadaUniversidadedo](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040623/5d3df4e288c993707f8d23cb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
WNP-MPR-qos 2
Topics Scheduled for Today
♦ …
♦ Quality of Service
» Characterization and models
» Case studies
» Research issues
♦ …
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WNP-MPR-qos 3
♦ This set of slides is made in articulation with the QoS lectures
given by Prof. Ruela in the Network Services and Applications
course. Please review Prof. Ruela’s slides» http://elearning.ua.pt/@@8f1af8c4466670c37379dee68a1e0119/courses/1/nsa_map/content/_221536_1/NAS_QoS_1.pdf
» http://elearning.ua.pt/@@8f1af8c4466670c37379dee68a1e0119/courses/1/nsa_map/content/_223126_1/NAS_QoS_2.pdf
♦ In this lecture we will recall briefly the QoS basics concepts and
then focus in the QoS in wireless networks, namely 3GPP-QoS
and IEEE-wireless-QoS
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WNP-MPR-qos 4
Quality of Service
♦ From a user point of view
» level of satisfaction experienced by the user of an application delivered
through a network. Depends on
– User’s subjective evaluation and expectations
– Terminal capabilities
– Performance of networks
♦ From a network point of view
» ability of giving differentiated treatment to traffic flows or traffic classes
» provide them with different levels of delivery assurance
– bandwidth, delay, loss
» network behaviour quantifiable by a set of performance parameters
![Page 5: MAP-Tele Manuel P. Ricardopaginas.fe.up.pt/~mricardo/07_08/wnp/slides/wnp-mpr-qos.pdfWNP-MPR-qos 1 Wireless Networks and Protocols MAP-Tele Manuel P. Ricardo Faculdadede EngenhariadaUniversidadedo](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022040623/5d3df4e288c993707f8d23cb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
WNP-MPR-qos 5
QoS principles
♦ The provision of QoS requires
» cooperation of various protocol layers
» cooperation of network elements in the end-to-end chain
♦ QoS requirements of users/applications
must be mapped into values of network service attributes
♦ Attributes of a network service
» may be described by a set of performance (QoS) parameters
» which must be observable measurable and controllable
♦ Networks and users must negotiate contracts,
which are described by means of traffic and QoS parameters
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WNP-MPR-qos 6
QoS
QoS is an end-to-end problem, handled at multiple communication layers
Physical
Network
Transport
Data link
Application
Mobility
Security
Multicast
Quality of Service
IP layer
IP user plane IP control plane
Application app. control
Application node
IP layer
IP user plane IP control plane
Application app. control
IP IP
Control
IP IP
Control
Application control (e.g. SIP)
App. node-backbone
control plane interface
App. node-backbone
user plane (IP) interface
IP Backbone
Inter-domain interface
Application node
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WNP-MPR-qos 7
QoS building blocks in a packet
network
• Data plane (traffic flows/packets)– Shaping, Policing
– Classification & Marking
– Queuing and Scheduling (service discipline)
– Congestion control and Queue management
• Control plane– QoS mapping
– Admission control
– QoS routing
– Resource reservation/allocation
• Management plane– Resource provisioning
– Policy management
network
packet switch
(router, switch)
Traffic source/
previous network elementfeed-back based,
end-to-end (TCO, RTP+RTCP)
inter-network element
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WNP-MPR-qos 8
IP QoS Models
♦ Very important!» Please review NSA slides on QoS» http://elearning.ua.pt/@@8f1af8c4466670c37379dee68a1e0119/courses/1/nsa_map/content/_223126_1/NAS_QoS_2.pdf
♦ 2 service models
♦ Integrated Services (IntServ) model, which is oriented towards the
» Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)
» TSpec, FlowSpec
» Token Bucket
» Controlled load
» Guaranteed service (maximum delay)
♦ Differentiated Services (DiffServ) model» DS field
» Per-Hop Behaviours (PHB),
» Assured Forwarding (AF)
» Expedited Forwarding (EF)
» Bandwidth broker
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WNP-MPR-qos 9
QoS in UMTS
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WNP-MPR-qos 10
Quality of Service in UMTS
TE MT RAN CN EDGE NODE
CN Gateway
TE
UMTS
End-to-End Service
TE/MT Local Bearer Service
UMTS Bearer Service External Bearer Service
UMTS Bearer Service
Radio Access Bearer Service CN Bearer Service
Backbone Bearer Service
RAN Access Bearer Service
Radio Bearer Service
Physical Radio
Bearer Service Physical
Bearer Service
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WNP-MPR-qos 11
QoS management functions,
UMTS bearer service, user plane
Resource Manager
Mapper
Class if.
Cond.
Resource Manager
Resource Manager
Mapper
Resource Manager
Mapper
Resource Manager
Resource Manager
Cond.
Class if.
Cond.
MT Gateway CN EDGE RAN
BB netw ork service RAN Access network service RAN phys. BS
data f low with indication of direction
TE Ext. Netw.
Local BS External BS
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WNP-MPR-qos 12
♦ Class
» Classifies and marks packet
» At the entry of network (downlink � GGSN, uplink � terminal)
♦ Cond – Traffic conditioner
» Enforces compliance of flow with QoS attributes
» At the entry of the network and radio segment
♦ Mapper
» marks packet with QoS information related to bearer service below
♦ Resource manager
» Decides when to send the packet so that QoS is satisfied
» Manages the resources it sees
– Packet queues, ARQ mechanisms, modulations and codes, power, spreading codes
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WNP-MPR-qos 13
UMTS QoS Classes
Background
download of
emails
Web browsingstreaming videovoiceExample of the
application
Destination is
not expecting
the data within a
certain time
Preserve
payload content
Request response
pattern
Preserve payload
content
Preserve time
relation (variation)
between
information entities
of the stream
Preserve time relation
(variation) between
information entities of
the stream
Conversational pattern
(stringent and low
delay)
Fundamental
characteristics
BackgroundInteractive classStreaming classConversational classTraffic class
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WNP-MPR-qos 14
UMTS Bearer Service Attributes –
Examples♦ Traffic class ('conversational', 'streaming', 'interactive', 'background')
♦ Maximum bitrate (kbps)
» compliance enforced by
token-bucket(Maximum-bitrate , Maximum-SDU-size)
» used to reserve codes radio interface - downlink
♦ Guaranteed bitrate (kbps)
» traffic compliance enforced by
token-bucket(Guaranteed-bitrate , Maximum-SDU-size)
» Delay/ reliability attributes guaranteed only for traffic up to the Guaranteed bitrate
» Used for admission control and resource allocation
♦ Maximum SDU size (octets)
♦ SDU error ratio
» fraction of SDUs lost or detected as erroneous
♦ Residual bit error ratio
» Undetected bit error ratio in the delivered SDUs.
♦ Transfer delay (ms)
» 95th percentile of the delay distribution
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WNP-MPR-qos 15
Token Bucket
Token Bucket Counter(TBC) - number of remaining tokens at any time
b
TBC
Time
OK OK Non-compliant
L1<TBC L2<TBC L3>TBC
b-L1
b-L1+r*∆T
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WNP-MPR-qos 16
QoS attributes versus traffic classes
XSignalling Indication
XXSource statistics
descriptor
XXXXAllocation/ Retention priority
XTraffic handling priority
XXGuaranteed bit rate
XXTransfer delay
XXXXDelivery of
erroneous SDUs
XXXXResidual bit error ratio
XXXXSDU error ratio
XXSDU format
information
XXXXMaximum SDU size
XXXXDelivery order
XXXXMaximum bit rate
Background classInteractive classStreaming classConversational classTraffic class
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WNP-MPR-qos 17
UMTS Bearer Service Attributes
(Rel. 7!)
Yes/No (9)Signalling Indication
Speech/unknow
n
Speech/unknow
n
Source statistic descriptor
1,2,31,2,31,2,31,2,3Allocation/Retention priority
1,2,3 (9)Traffic handling priority
<= 256 000 (2)<= 256 000 (2)Guaranteed bit rate (kbps)
300 (8) –
maximum value
100 – maximum
value
Transfer delay (ms)
10-3, 10-4, 10-610-3, 10-4, 10-610-1, 10-2, 7*10-3,
10-3, 10-4, 10-510-2, 7*10-3, 10-3,
10-4, 10-5SDU error ratio
4*10-3, 10-5, 6*10-8 (7)
4*10-3, 10-5, 6*10-8 (7)
5*10-2, 10-2, 5*10-
3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5,
10-6
5*10-2, 10-2, 5*10-
3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5,
10-6
Residual BER
Yes/No/- (6)Yes/No/- (6)Yes/No/- (6)Yes/No/- (6) Delivery of erroneous SDUs
(5)(5)SDU format information
<=1 500 or 1 502
(4)
<=1 500 or 1 502
(4)
<=1 500 or 1 502
(4)
<=1 500 or 1 502
(4)
Maximum SDU size (octets)
Yes/NoYes/NoYes/NoYes/NoDelivery order
<= 256 000 (2)<= 256 000 (2)<= 256 000 (2)<= 256 000 (2)Maximum bitrate (kbps)
Background
class
Interactive classStreaming classConversational
class
Traffic class
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WNP-MPR-qos 18
PDP Context Activation Procedure
for Iu mode
GGSN
9. Activate PDP Context Accept
4. Create PDP Context Response
4. Create PDP Context Request
1. Activate PDP Context Request
SGSNRANMS
5. Radio Access Bearer Setup
C1
C2
6. Invoke Trace
8. Update PDP Context Response
8. Update PDP Context Request
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WNP-MPR-qos 19
Network-Requested
PDP Context Activation Procedure
MS SGSN GGSN
3. PDU Notification Request
HLR
1. PDP PDU
2. Send Routeing Info for GPRS
2. Send Routeing Info for GPRS Ack
4. Request PDP Context Activation
5. PDP Context Activation procedure
3. PDU Notification Response
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WNP-MPR-qos 20
supporting PS mode, Terminal
Equipment side
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WNP-MPR-qos 21
Primitives and Parameters at
SMREG-SAP - MS side
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WNP-MPR-qos 22
UMTS QoS Conceptual Models
IP Bearer
Layer
Access
Bearer
Layer
(eg. UMTS
Bearer)
Local
UE
SGSN
Scope of PDP Context
IP Bearer Service
RemoteAccess
Point
Gn/Gp
GGSN
Remote
Host
GGSNUE Remote
AP
Remote
Host
Backbone IPNetwork
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WNP-MPR-qos 23
Local UE does not provide IP BS
Manager
Uplink Data
Downlink Data
QoS in UMTS controlled by
PDP context.
DS
DS
PDP Flow
PDP Flow
GGSNUE Remote
AP
Remote
Host
The UE controls
the QoS mechanisms
from the UE.
The UE may control
the QoS mechanisms
from received
information.
QoS on remote access
link controlled by
DS.
QoS on remote access
link controlled by
DS or other means.
QoS in UMTS controlled by
PDP context selected by
TFT.
QoS in backbone network controlled
by DS. DS marking performed by
GGSN.
QoS in backbone network controlled
by DS. DS marking performed by
RUE, or remarking by RAP.
Application Layer (eg. SIP/SDP)
Application Layer (eg. SIP/SDP)
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WNP-MPR-qos 24
Local UE supports DiffServ
Uplink Data
Downlink Data
DS
DS
GGSN Remote
AP
Remote
Host
The UE controls
the QoS mechanisms
from the UE.
The UE may control
the QoS mechanisms
from received
information.
The UE performs
DS edge functions.
QoS on remote access
link controlled by
DS.
QoS on remote access
link controlled by
DS or other means.
QoS in UMTS controlled by
PDP context.
UE DS marking carried
transparently.
QoS in UMTS controlled by
PDP context selected by
TFT.
Remote DS marking/GGSN
remarking carried
transparently.
QoS in backbone network controlled
by DS. DS marking performed by
UE (or remarking by GGSN).
QoS in backbone network controlled
by DS. DS marking performed by
RUE, or remarking by RAP.
PDP Flow
PDP Flow
Application Layer (eg. SIP/SDP)
Application Layer (eg. SIP/SDP)
UE
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WNP-MPR-qos 25
Local UE supports RSVP signalling
and DiffServ
RSVP Signalling
RSVP Signalling
QoS in backbone network controlled
by DS. DS marking performed by
UE, or by GGSN based on PDP
context signalling.
RSVP signalling carried
transparently.
QoS in UMTS controlled by
PDP context.
UE DS marking and RSVP
signalling carried
transparently.
Uplink Data
Downlink Data
DS
DS
GGSNUE Remote
AP
Remote
Host
The UE controls
the QoS mechanisms
from the UE.
The UE may control
the QoS mechanisms
from received
information.
The UE performs
DS edge functions
and RSVP
QoS in UMTS controlled by
PDP context selected by
TFT.
Remote DS marking/GGSN
remarking and RSVP
signalling carried
transparently.
QoS in backbone network controlled
by DS. DS marking performed by
RUE (or remarking by RAP).
RSVP signalling carried
transparently.
QoS on remote access
link controlled by
either DS or RSVP.
QoS on remote access
link controlled by
either DS or RSVP.
PDP Flow
PDP Flow
Application Layer (eg. SIP/SDP)
Application Layer (eg. SIP/SDP)
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WNP-MPR-qos 26
More about IPQoS over UMTS …
♦ An implementation example with results obtained in a testbed
» Manuel Ricardo, J. Dias, G. Carneiro, J. Ruela, "ARROWS QoS
Framework", IST ARROWS project, 31 August 2002
– http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~mricardo/doc/arrows/arrowsQosReport.pdf
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WNP-MPR-qos 27
UMTS – Radio Resource
Management
♦ UMTS – WCDMA
♦ What are the causes of high packet delays?
» Low transmission information rate R
� high packet service time (transmission time) � long queues � high waiting time delay
» Packet retransmissions caused by packet loss
♦ What are the causes of packet loss?
» High BER
♦ What are the causes high BER?
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WNP-MPR-qos 28
Uplink Capacity
– Ideal power control (every sinal received same power)
– N users transmitting at same data bitrate R bit/s
– Eb/Io decreases � BER increases, or
– Alternatively, for a given Eb/Io , BER,
• N, R � � need to be managed � admission control
1
1
)1( −=
−=
NNC
C
I
C
1
1
0−
===NR
W
I
C
R
W
WIR
CE
Ib
IEb
R
WN
0
1≅
N – number of users
C – power received form each user (W)
I – interference from other users (W)
Eb – energy received per information bit (J/bit)
I0 – Interference spectral density (J/Hz)
W –chip rate (chip/s)
R – information bitrate (bit/s)
∑=
N
i
iR1
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WNP-MPR-qos 29
(from Holma & Toskala, 3rd
edition)
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WNP-MPR-qos 30
Admission Control Based on
Throughput
<
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WNP-MPR-qos 31
WLAN- QoS
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WNP-MPR-qos 32
DCF - Distributed Coordination
Function
♦ Listen before-talk, CSMA/CA based
♦ Station transmist when medium is free for time greater than DIFS
♦ Random backoff used when medium is busy
AP
DIFS
S2
S1
SIFS
DATARTS
DIFS S2-bo
DATA
- Packet arrivalDATA
- Transmission of DATA DIFS - Time interval DIFS
CTS
SIFS
SIFS
ACK
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WNP-MPR-qos 33
PCF - Point Coordination Function
♦ Contention-free frame transfer
♦ Point Coordinator (PC / AP) pools stations
♦ PIFS time used to enter Contention Free Period
Data+Poll
DATA+ACKBeacon
Data+Poll
ACK
CF-End
PIFS SIFS SIFS SIFS SIFS
SIFS
(no response)
PIFS
Contention
Period
PC
Contention Free Period CP
Data+Poll
SIFS
Time
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WNP-MPR-qos 34
802.11e – QoS Support for WLAN
♦ Basic elements for QoS
» Traffic Differentiation
– 4 Access Categories, 8 Traffic Classes
» Concept of Transmission Opportunity (TXOP)
– Transmission of multiple frames
♦ New Contention-based channel access
» Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA)
♦ New Contention-free channel access
» HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA)
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WNP-MPR-qos 35
PC
BSS (Basic Service Set) QBSS (Basic Service Set for QoS)
( Enhanced Station )
EDCA HCCADCF PCF
HCF- Hybrid Coordination
Function
STASTA
STA
STA
STA
HC
STASTA
STA
STA
STA
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WNP-MPR-qos 36
HCF - Hybrid Coordination
Function
♦ During Contention Free Period
» Polls STAs and gives a station the permission to access channel
» Specifies time and maximum duration of each TXOP
♦ During Contention Period
» Controlled Contention
– STA may send traffic with different priorities
– STAs may also request resources
» HC can send polled TXOPs during CP
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WNP-MPR-qos 37
EDCA
♦ 4 Access Categories (AC)
» AC_VO (Voice)
» AC_VI (Video)
» AC_BE (best-effort)
» AC_BK (background)
♦ Contention between ACs (and STAs)
♦ An Inter-frame Space (IFS) for each AC
Arbitration Inter frame Space (AIFS)
♦ Contention-Window (CW) depends on AC
♦ Mapping Priorities into AC
» IEEE 802.1D and IEEE 802.1Q
» See NSA slides
Virtual Collision
AC1 AC2 AC3 AC4
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WNP-MPR-qos 38
ACK BackOff[AC0] + Frame
BackOff[AC1] + FrameBackOff[AC2] + Frame
AIFS[AC0]
AIFS[AC1]
AIFS[AC2]
BackOff[AC3] + Frame
AIFS[AC3]
Access Category AIFS
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WNP-MPR-qos 39
MAC Parameters
• Prioritized Channel Access
implemented using MAC parameters per AC
10231023157CWmax
151573CWmin
7322AIFSN
AC_BK [3]AC_BE [2]AC_VIdeo [1]AC_VOice [0]
AIFS [AC] = AIFSN [AC] * aSlotTime + SIFS
If CW[AC] is less than CWmax[AC], CW[AC] shall be set to the value (CW[AC] + 1)*2 – 1.
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WNP-MPR-qos 40
Transmission Opportunity (TXOP)
♦ TXOP: duration a STA has to transmit frame(s)
♦ When will a STA get a TXOP ?
» Winning a contention in EDCA during Contention Period
» Receiving a “polled TXOP” from HC
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WNP-MPR-qos 41
Transmission Opportunity (TXOP)
(cont.)
♦ In TXOP, frames exchange sequences are separated by SIFS
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WNP-MPR-qos 42
HCF Controlled Channel Access
(HCCA)
♦ Procedure similar to PCF
♦ Hybrid Coordinator (HC)
» Controls the iteration of CFP and CP
– By using beacon, CF-End frame and NAV Mechanism (similar to PCF)
» Use polling scheme to assign TXOP to STA
– Issue CF-poll frame to poll STA
– Polling can be issued in both CFP & CP
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WNP-MPR-qos 43
Resources Managed in WLAN
♦ Resources are the time slots
» Used to transmit bits according to the modulations/codes used
♦ WLAN enables to send differentiated traffic
» By giving priority to real type traffic
♦ WLAN enables a flow to get a bit rate /delay
» By using polling
♦ What needs to be managed by the HC?
» The time slots available
» Who uses them and when