![Page 1: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop
Scott G. Giltner
![Page 2: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
� Review of factors affecting fragmentation
� Burden & Spacing
� Powder factor
� Delay time & accuracy
� Fragmentation modeling
![Page 3: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Comminution or Breakage
60%
80%
100%
Cum % passing
In-situ
ROM
Crusher
Product
10000
0%
20%
40%
0.1 1 10 100 1000Size mm
Cum % passing Product
![Page 4: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fragmentation Parameters
Joint Spacing
Joint Condition
Geology
Burden
Spacing
Design
Energy
Energy Partitioning
Explosives
Fragmentation
Joint Condition
Joint Strike & Dip
Bedding Planes Strike & Dip
Bedding Plane Condition
Bedding Plane Spacing
Rock Strength
Rock Elasticity
Hard/Soft Seams
Grain Size
Sonic Velocity
Spacing
Hole Diameter
Stemming
Subdrilling
Delay Timing &
Accuracy
Bench Ht
Staggered/Square
Pattern
Energy Partitioning
Density
Velocity of Detonation
Coupling
![Page 5: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Burden & Spacing
Free FaceLarge dia holes
Free Face Small dia holes Poor fragmentation zones
![Page 6: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Geologically Defined Fragmentation
![Page 7: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Burden & Spacing (Energy Distribution)
![Page 8: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Powder Factor
150
200
250
Average Fragment Size, d50 (mm)
5
6
7
8
9
Average Fragment Size, d50 (in)
0
50
100
0 1 2 3 4
Powder Factor (kg/m3)
Average Fragment Size, d
(after Brinkman, 1985)
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Powder Factor (lb/yd3)
Average Fragment Size, d
![Page 9: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Delay Time
25
30
35
40
45
50
% Passing (by mass)
32 ms
0
5
10
15
20
25
% Passing (by mass)
-1 in (-25 mm) 1-4 in (25-100 mm) +4 in (+100 mm)
Fragment Size
32 ms
Fuse
![Page 10: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Delay Time
40
50
60
70
X50 (mm) 1.5
2
2.5
X50 (in)
0
10
20
30
0 2 4 6 8 10
ms/m Burden
X50 (mm)
0
0.5
1
0 1 2 3
ms/ft Burden
X50 (in)
(after Cunningham, 2005)
![Page 11: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Description of Uniformity
n = 0.7
n = 1.0
n = 1.4
![Page 12: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Delay Scatter
1.1
1.2
1.3
Uniformity, n
Scatter Ratio = Scatter / Desired Delay
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Scatter Ratio
Uniformity, n
(after Cunningham,, 2005)
![Page 13: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Effect of Accurate Timing & Improved Timing
![Page 14: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Blast Model of Timing Effect
0 ms
10 ms
Quarry Academy Timing (0 ms).avi
Quarry Academy Timing (10 ms).avi
![Page 15: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Reduction in Detonation Time
L/2
L
L/2
![Page 16: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Reduction in Detonation Time
EnergyEnergy RateRate
~30 MJ/kg minutes (hours)
PowerPower
~100 kW/kg
Energy Release
~30 MJ/kg
4-6 MJ/kg
minutes (hours)
(103 secs)
microseconds
(10-6 secs)
coal
~100 kW/kg
~100,000,000 kW/kg
![Page 17: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Reduction in Detonation Time
L
L/2
L/
1) Time to complete
detonation
__L__
VOD= = T
2) Time to complete
detonation
_L/2_
VOD= = T/2
L/2
#1 #2
Power = Energy Released / Time
![Page 18: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Fragmentation Improvements (Powder Factor & Delay Accuracy)
125
100
75
50
25
0
Individual Value
_X=14.1
UCL=28.2
LCL=-0.1
JAN.06 JUL.07 DEC.07
Chart for total hours lost/month for combined operations
Loader Dig Rate
APR.08JAN.08OCT.07JUL.07APR.07JAN.07OCT.06JUL.06APR.06JAN.06
-25
-50
Month
Crusher ‘Chunk’ Delays
![Page 19: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fragmentation Models
� Used to determine trends in fragmentation due to changes in blast
design
� Geologic factors have strong influence, however rarely known
with any accuracy
� Can be calibrated if reliable fragmentation data is available
![Page 20: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fragmentation Models
� Modified Kuz-Ram
� Includes timing between holes in same row
![Page 21: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Fragmentation Modeling Inputs
Joint Spacing
Joint Condition
Geology
Burden
Spacing
Design
Energy
Energy Partitioning
Explosives
Fragmentation
Joint Condition
Joint Strike & Dip
Bedding Planes Strike & Dip
Bedding Plane Condition
Bedding Plane Spacing
Rock Strength
Rock Elasticity
Hard/Soft Seams
Grain Size
Sonic Velocity
Spacing
Hole Diameter
Stemming
Subdrilling
Delay Timing &
Accuracy
Bench Ht
Staggered/Square
Pattern
Energy Partitioning
Density
Velocity of Detonation
Coupling
![Page 22: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Rock Type Density
(g/cc)
Compressive
Strength
(psi)
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
Young's
Modulus
(psi)
Poisson's
Ratio
P Wave
Velocity
(ft/s)
Basalt 2.9 21,610 8,992,340 0.27 17,155
Dolomite 2.5 7,977 4,061,057 0.32 13,202
Gneiss 2.8 32,488 11,748,600 0.22 18,805
Granite 2.7 26,977 6,236,623 0.33 15,892
Limestone 2.7 23,061 7,977,076 0.25 16,404
1,595
435
2,030
1,305
725
Rock Properties (imperial)
Limestone 2.7 23,061 7,977,076 0.25 16,404
Marble 3.1 36,404 16,374,000 0.28 21,998
Sandstone 2.5 19,435 1,015,264 - 12,903
Sandstone 1.8 1,595 870,226 0.31 6,873
Schist 2.9 24,076 11,167,910 0.2 17,985
Slate 2.6 12,328 9,572,491 0.17 16,955
Taconite 2.9 36,404
725
2,175
145
0
1,305
870
2,465 13,488,510 0.25 20,144
![Page 23: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Fragmentation Scenario #1
� Current Blast Parameters
� Bench ht – 100 ft
� Granite
� 6” diameter hole
� ANFO
� 17 ft x 17 ft pattern
� 8 ft stemming
� 5 ft sub-drill
� Joint spacing of 16 ft (strike perpendicular to face)
� 25 ms delays between holes in row (2 ms S.D.)
![Page 24: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fragmentation Scenario #1 (Current)
![Page 25: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fragmentation Scenario #1
� Current Blast Parameters
� Bench ht – 100 ft
� Granite
� 6” diameter hole
� ANFO
� 17 ft x 17 ft pattern
� Proposed Blast Parameters
� Bench ht – 50 ft
� 14 ft x 14 ft pattern� 17 ft x 17 ft pattern
� 8 ft stemming
� 5 ft sub-drill
� Joint spacing of 16 ft (strike
perpendicular to face)
� 25 ms delays between holes in
row (2 ms S.D.)
� 14 ft x 14 ft pattern
� 7 ft stemming
� 4 ft sub-drill
![Page 26: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Fragmentation Scenario #2
� Current Blast Parameters
� Bench ht – 50 ft
� Limestone
� 4” diameter hole
� ANFO
� 11 ft x 13 ft pattern
� 8 ft stemming
� 5 ft sub-drill
� Joint spacing of 12 ft (strike perpendicular to face)
� 25 ms delays between holes in row (2 ms S.D.)
![Page 27: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Scenario #2 Fragmentation (Current)
![Page 28: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Fragmentation Scenario #2
� Current Blast Parameters
� Bench ht – 50 ft
� Limestone
� 4” diameter hole
� ANFO
� 11 ft x 13 ft pattern
� Proposed Blast Parameters
� 6” diameter hole
� 15 ft x 18 ft pattern� 11 ft x 13 ft pattern
� 6 ft stemming
� 3 ft sub-drill
� Joint spacing of 12 ft (strike
perpendicular to face)
� 25 ms delays between holes in
row (2 ms S.D.)
� 15 ft x 18 ft pattern
� 8 ft stemming
� 5 ft sub-drill
![Page 29: Managing Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop · PDF fileManaging Muckpile Fragmentation Workshop Scott G. Giltner. ... Modified Kuz-Ram Includes timing between holes in same row. Fragmentation](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051508/5ab82f7f7f8b9aa6018c58c2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
www.quarryacademy.com