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Chapter 1Chapter 1Chapter 1Chapter 1Introduction
Managerial Economics: Economic Tools for Today’s Decision Makers, 4/e
B P l K t d Phili YBy Paul Keat and Philip Young
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I t d tiIntroduction
• Economics and Managerial Decision MakingMaking
• The Economics of a Business• Review of Economic Terms
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Economics and Managerial D i i M kiDecision Making
• Economics is “the study of the behavior of human beings inbehavior of human beings in producing, distributing and consuming
t i l d d i i ldmaterial goods and services in a world of scarce resources.” (McConnell, 1993)
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Economics and Managerial D i i M kiDecision Making
• Management is the discipline of organizing and allocating a firm’sorganizing and allocating a firm s scarce resources to achieve its desired
bj tiobjectives.
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Economics and Managerial D i i M kiDecision Making
• Managerial economics is the use of economic analysis to make businesseconomic analysis to make business decisions involving the best use ( ll ti ) f i ti ’(allocation) of an organization’s scarce resources.
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Economics and Managerial D i i M ki
• Questions that managers must answer:Decision Making
Quest o s t at a age s ust a swe :• What are the economic conditions in a
particular market?particular market?•Market Structure?•Supply and Demand Conditions?Supply and Demand Conditions?•Technology?•Government Regulations?g•International Dimensions?•Future Conditions?
2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Managerial Economics, 4/e Keat/Young
•Macroeconomic Factors?
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Economics and Managerial D i i M ki
• Questions that managers must answer:Decision Making
Questions that managers must answer:• Should our firm be in this business?
If h i d l l• If so, what price and output levels achieve our goals?
2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Managerial Economics, 4/e Keat/Young
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Economics and Managerial D i i M ki
• Questions that managers must answer:Decision Making
Quest o s t at a age s ust a swe :• How can we maintain a competitive
advantage over our competitors?advantage over our competitors?•Cost-leader?•Product Differentiation?Product Differentiation?•Market Niche?•Outsourcing alliances mergersOutsourcing, alliances, mergers, acquisitions?
•International Dimensions?2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Managerial Economics, 4/e Keat/Young
•International Dimensions?
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Economics and Managerial D i i M ki
• Questions that managers must answer:Decision Making
Questions that managers must answer:• What are the risks involved?
i h h ibili h• Risk is the chance or possibility that actual future outcomes will differ from those expected today.
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Economics and Managerial D i i M kiDecision Making
• Types of risk• Types of risk• Changes in demand and supply
diticonditions• Technological changes and the effect of
competition• Changes in interest rates and inflation g
rates
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Economics and Managerial D i i M kiDecision Making
• Types of risk• Types of risk• Exchange rates for companies engaged in
i t ti l t dinternational trade• Political risk for companies with foreign
operations
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The Economics of a Businesse co o cs o a us ess
• The economics of a business refers to the key factors that affect the ability of a firm to earn an acceptable rate of return on its owners’ investment.
• The most important of these factors are • competition• technology• customers
2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Managerial Economics, 4/e Keat/Young
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The Economics of a Businesse co o cs o a us ess
• Four Stage Model of Change• Stage I• Stage I
• “the good old days”hi h fi i• high profit margins
• cost plus
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The Economics of a Businesse co o cs o a us ess
• Four Stage Model of Change• Stage II• Stage II
• cost managementi d i i i• cost cutting, downsizing, restructuring
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The Economics of a Businesse co o cs o a us ess
• Four Stage Model of Change• Stage III• Stage III
• limits to the growth in profits• revenue management• “top-line growth”
2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Managerial Economics, 4/e Keat/Young
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The Economics of a BusinessThe Economics of a Business
• Four Stage Model of Change• Stage IV• Stage IV
• revenue plus
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
• Microeconomics is the study of individual consumers and producers in specific markets.• supply and demand• pricing of output• production processes• cost structure• distribution
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
• Macroeconomics is the study of the aggregate economy.• national income analysis• gross domestic product• unemployment• inflation• fiscal policy• monetary policy
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
• Scarcity is the condition in which resources are not available to satisfy allresources are not available to satisfy all the needs and wants of a specified
f lgroup of people.
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
• Opportunity cost is the amount or subjective value that must be sacrificedsubjective value that must be sacrificed in choosing one activity over the next-b t lt tibest alternative.
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
B f i ll ti• Because of scarcity, an allocation decision must be made. The allocation decision of a society is comprised of three separate choices:p
2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Managerial Economics, 4/e Keat/Young
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
Wh d h d d i• What and how many goods and services should be produced?
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
H h ld th d d i b• How should these goods and services be produced?
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
F h h ld th d d• For whom should these goods and services be produced?
2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Managerial Economics, 4/e Keat/Young
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Review of Economic Termsev ew o co o c e s
• For the firm, these allocation choices can be restated as follows:can be restated as follows:
2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Managerial Economics, 4/e Keat/Young
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
• What : The product decision.
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
• How : The hiring, staffing,procurement and capitalprocurement, and capital budgeting decisions.
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
• For whom : The market segmentation decision.segmentation decision.
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
• Resources• Factors of production or inputs• Factors of production or inputs• Land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
• Entrepreneurship is the willingness to take certain risks in the pursuit ofto take certain risks in the pursuit of goals.
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Review of Economic TermsReview of Economic Terms
• Management is the ability to organize and administer various tasks in pursuitand administer various tasks in pursuit of certain objectives.
2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Managerial Economics, 4/e Keat/Young