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Photo: Ken Ohrn
Making cycling a transport option for both men & womenEvidence from the Cycling in Cities Research Program
Kay TeschkeProfessor EmeritusSchool of Population & Public HealthThe University of British Columbia
Photo: Ken OhrnPhoto: Ken Ohrn
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Phot
os: K
en O
hrn
In typical Canadian citieswomen & girls make up ½ the population & take
½ of motor vehicle trips ½ of walking trips ½ of transit trips
… but only ¼ of bike trips
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Route safety
• car, bus & truck traffic• vehicles driving faster than 50 km/h• motorists who don’t know how to drive safely near bikes• risk of injury from car-bike collisions
Photo: Martin Dee, UBC
Top deterrents (women ... & also men)
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Photo: Google Streetview
90% of focus:
helmets
Photo: Ken Ohrn
Only 10% of cycling research focuses on route design
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Opinion Survey
Preference for 16 route types
N=1400 in Metro Vancouver
Injury Study
Injury risk of 15 route types
N=690 in Vancouver & Toronto
Photo: Martin Dee, UBC
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quiet streets
3 route types
separated from traffic
4 route types
men
women
People have clear route preferences
Differences between men & women?
most likely to choose
likelyto choose
+ scores
– scores
busy streets & rural roads
9 route types
least likely to choose
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Route type also matters for injury risk & largely agrees with preferences
Photo: Ken Ohrn
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Busy streets . . . arterials, collectors
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Photos: Hallgrimsson
Busy street, parked cars, no bike infrastructureLeast safe, greatest deterrent to cycling
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Busy street, parked cars, painted bike laneNot safer, deters cycling
Photos: CyclingSavvy, North Shore News
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[Sources: Teschke et al, 2012; Harris et al, 2013]
Busy street, no parked cars, painted bike lane
Safer (-45%), neutral impact on cycling
Photo: Google Streetview
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Photo Flickr: Paul KruegerPhotos: ECF, Ken Ohrn
Busy street, protected bike lane
Safest (-90%), motivates cycling
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Quiet streets . . . local, residential
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Quiet street
Safer (-50%), neutral impact on cycling
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Quiet street, bikewaySafer (-50%), motivates cycling
Photo: Ken Ohrn
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[Sources: Teschke et al, 2012; Harris et al, 2013]
Quiet street, bikeway with traffic circleNot safer, motivates cycling
Photo: Ken Ohrn
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[Sources: Teschke et al, 2012; Harris et al, 2013]
Quiet street, bikeway with traffic diversion
Safest (-55%), motivates cycling
Photo: City of Vancouver
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Off-street . . . sidewalks, bike/multiuse paths
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SidewalkNot safer
Photo: San Francisco Citizen
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Multi-use path
Not safer, motivates cycling
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Bike pathSafer (-40%), strongest cycling motivator
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Most preferred & safest facilities for 3 different scenarios:
Photos: City of Calgary, City of Vancouver, Ken Ohrn, Alastair Smith, vikapproved
• busy streets: protected bike lanes
• quiet streets: bikeways with traffic diversion
• off-street: well designed bike paths
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% of work trips by bike
Sources: Census 2016; Pucher & Buehler, City Cycling, 2012
1
1
9
9
10
18
26
Canada
USA
Finland
Sweden
Germany
Denmark
Netherlands
Photo: Ken Ohrn
Comparing Canada to other countries
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citywide highest cycling neighbourhood
% of commuters cycling to work
Photo: Ken Ohrn
6.1
3.9
2.7
2.6
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
Vancouver
Montreal
Toronto
Ottawa
Saskatoon
Winnipeg
Quebec
Calgary
Edmonton
Regina
Halifax
Hamilton
Laval
Surrey
Mississauga
Brampton
Comparing Canadian cities, 2016 Census data
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citywide highest cycling neighbourhood
% of commuters cycling to work
Also differences within Canadian cities
Photo: Ken Ohrn
6.1
3.9
2.7
2.6
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
18.3
21.6
22.9
17.2
10.8
13.9
7.8
10.8
8.7
4.9
9.0
8.7
2.3
1.4
1.9
1.3
Vancouver
Montreal
Toronto
Ottawa
Saskatoon
Winnipeg
Quebec
Calgary
Edmonton
Regina
Halifax
Hamilton
Laval
Surrey
Mississauga
Brampton
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More cycling for each km closer to the best route types
Men à 3x moreWomen à 6x more
Within-city differences: Do routes make a difference?
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Within-city variability in cycling: Do routes make a difference?
Areas with least cycling
à1/10 of trips by women
Areas with most cycling
à 1/2 of trips by women
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Photo: Ken Ohrn
Cycling in Cities UBC@kteschke
Photo: The Alternative Department for Transport
Women = "indicator species" for cycling
If ½ of people cycling are female à you are building it right