Download - Major minerals
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Major Minerals
Nur Hidayat
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Minerals
Mineral: kecil (sedikit), alamiah, anorganik, unsur kimiasebagai komponen struktural & bagian proses vital dalam tubuh
Anorganik: material selain tanaman atau hewan
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Similarities to Vitamins
Tidak memberikan kontribusi energi (kalori) untuk diet
Memiliki fungsi beragam dalam tubuhBekerja dengan enzim untuk
memfasilitasi reaksi kimiaDiperlukan dalam makanan dalam
jumlah yang sedikit
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Differences from Vitamins
Sedangkan vitamin adalah senyawa organik, mineral merupakan senyawa anorganik
Tidak seperti vitamin, beberapa mineral kontribusi pada pembangunan struktur tubuh
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I. Major Minerals
Mineral merupakan nutrisi penting yang ditemukan dalam tubuh dalam jumlah lebih dari 5 gram
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A. Calcium
Mineral paling berlimpah dalam tubuh99% disimpan dalam tulang
Fungsi:1. Struktur tulang dan gigi
2. Transmisi impuls saraf3. Mempertahankan struktur selular
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Other’s Calcium Functions
–Penting untuk kontraksi otot–Penting untuk pembekuan
darah–Bantu mempertahankan
tekanan darah yg normal
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Nutritional Problems
Deficiency Symptoms
Pertumbuhan pendek anak
Osteoporosis pd dewasa
Toxicity Symptoms
Kelebihan biasanya diekskresikan sehingga toksisitas jarang
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DRI & Sources
DRI = 1000 mg – 1300 mgFoods – Susu / produk susu– Sayuran hijau gelap – Beberapa ikan & kerang– Tahu & kacang lainnya– Makanan yang diperkaya (yakni:
jus)
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BIOAVAILABILITY
Absorption (binders)– Phytic Acid (calcium, iron, zinc,
magnesium)Oatmeal & Whole grains
– Oxalic Acid (calcium & iron)Bit hijau, bayam
– Fiber Excretion
– Protein
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B. Phosphorous
Mineral ke2 terbanyak dlm tubuh (85% combined with calcium)
Functions:– Struktur tulang dan gigi– Untuk pertumbuhan (DNA)– Metabolisme Energy (ATP)
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NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
Deficiency symptoms
Kelemahan otot Sakit tulang
– Phosphorous deficiency is rare
– Found widely in foods
Toxicity symptoms
Dapat menyebabkan ekskresi kalsium dan menghambat penyerapan kalsium
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DRI & Sources
DRI = 700 mgFoods
– Daging, unggas & ikan– Produk susu– Makanan olahan– Soda
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C. Sodium
Sbg electrolyte (Kation utama cairan ekstrasel)
Electrolyte senyawa yang berdisosiasi sebagian dalam air untuk membentuk ionFungsi:Bantu jaga keseimbangan cairan tubuh
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Functions
Membantu untuk mempertahankan volume normal cairan dan keseimbangan asam-basa
Transmisi impuls sarafDetak JantungKontraksi otot
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Intake & Sources
NO DRIMinimum requirements = 500 mgDaily Value = 2400 mgTable salt (Sodium Chloride)
– 1 tsp = 2300 mg sodiumProcessed foods- those that are
canned, cured, pickled & boxed– 75% of dietary intake
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What Processing Does to Sodium and Potassium Contents of Foods
Milk (whole)Unprocessed
Peach pie
Processed
Canned,cream corn
Instantpudding
Oat cereal
Fresh peaches
Milks
Chipped beef
Vegetables
Fresh corn
Meats
Roast beef
Fruits
Rolled oats
Grains
SodiumPotassium
Key:
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Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms
Deficiency symptoms:– Kramps otot– Mental apatis– Kehilangan nafsu makan
Toxicity symptoms:– Tekanan darah tinggi– Edema
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Hypertension – Risk factors
ObesityFamily historyRace (African American)AgeExcess alcohol intakeSedentary lifestyle
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Nutrition in Action: Diet & Blood Pressure
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DASH = “Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension”
High intake of fruits and vegetables (8-10 sv/day)
Low-fat daily products (2-3 sv/day) Low-fat, low-saturated fat, low-
cholesterol Sodium less than 2400 mg/day
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D. Potassium Sbg electrolyte (Kation terbanyak cairan
intrasel) Functions:
– Menurunkan tekanan darah– Synthesis Protein– Keseimbangan cairan– Transmisi syaraf– Kontraksi otot– Penting jaga denyut jantung
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Deficiency Symptoms
Kelemahan ototKelumpuhanKebingunganDapat menyebabkan kematianMenyertai dehidrasiTidak mungkin namun dapat terjadi
dengan meningkatnya asupan natrium
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Toxicity Symptoms
Menyebabkan kelemahan ototPemicu muntah
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Intake & Sources
Perkiraan kebutuhan minimum = 2000 mg
Seluruh makanan:termasuk daging, susu, buah-buahan, sayuran, biji-bijian, kacang-kacangan
Semakin diolah, semakin sedikit kalium yang dikandungnya
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What Processing Does to Sodium and Potassium Contents of Foods
Milk (whole)
Unprocessed
Peach pie
Processed
Canned,cream corn
Instantpudding
Oat cereal
Fresh peaches
Milks
Chipped beef
Vegetables
Fresh corn
Meats
Roast beef
Fruits
Rolled oats
Grains
SodiumPotassium
Key:
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E. Chloride
Sbg electrolyteFunctions:
– Bagian dari asam klorida (lambung)
– Diperlukan untuk pencernaan yg baik/normal
– Keseimbangan cairan
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Deficiency Symptoms
Gagal tumbuh pd anakKramp ototMental apatisKehilangan nafsu makan
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Toxicity Symptoms
Biasanya tidak berbahayaGangguan keseimbangan asam-
basa
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F.Sulfur
Functions:– Ada di asam amino metionin,
sistin (struktur protein)– Bagian dari Biotin dan Thiamin– Bagian dari insulin
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Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms
Deficiency symptoms:– Tidak diketahui karena
kekurangan protein akan terjadi lebih dulu
Toxicity symptoms:– Jarang, tapi jika terjadi mk
dapat menekan pertumbuhan
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Food Sources
Semua makanan yang mengandung/sumber protein
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G. Magnesium
Functions: (DRI = 350 mg)– Ada di tulang dan gigi– Synthesis Protein– Co-factor Enzyme– Kontraksi otot yg normal – Transmisi syaraf
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Deficiency Symptoms
KelemahanKebingunganSekresi hormon Pankreas TertekanKegagalan pertumbuhan Kejang otot
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Toxicity Symptoms
Rendah tekanan darahKurangnya koordinasiKoma atau kematian
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Food Sources
Kacang kacanganPolong-polonganBiji-bijian utuhSayuran hijau gelapIkan lautCokelat - kakao