Macromolecules
SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and
primary functions of the four major categories of biological
macromolecules.
FOUR MAJOR BIOLOGICAL
MACROMOLECULES
1.Carbohydrates
2.Lipids
3.Proteins
4.Nucleic Acids
1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic
molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and/or nucleic acids.
Structure of Carbohydrates:
Composed of hexagonal rings made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
Form long chains
Examples of Carbohydrates:
Glucose, cellulose, sugars, flour, milk, etc
Hexagonal
Ring =
Carb!!
1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic
molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and/or nucleic acids.
Structure of Lipids:
Composed of triglycerides that look like the letter E
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Examples of Lipids:
Oils, butter, membranes
E Shape =
Lipid!!
1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic
molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and/or nucleic acids.
Structure of Proteins:
Composed of amino acids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur
Examples of Proteins:
Meats, steroids, enzymes
Chain =
Protein!!
1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic
molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and/or nucleic acids.
Structure of Nucleic Acids:
Composed of nucleotides that consist of one
nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group
Examples of Nucleic Acids:
RNA, DNA
Three parts
in these
shapes =
Protein!!
1. Students will identify and/or describe the
basic molecular structure of carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids.
Remember!
Monomer is a building
block.
Polymer is building blocks
put together.
Ex: An amino acid is the
monomer and the
protein is the polymer.
2. Students will describe the primary functions of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids
in organisms.
FUNCTIONS
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
• Main source of
energy
• Compose cell
walls in plants
• Insulate and
cushion body
• Steroid
production
• Waterproofing
• Storage of energy
• Make up cellular
membranes
• Structure
• Found in cell
membranes
• Transferring of
genetic
information
• Contain info
to make
proteins
Enzymes
SC.912.L.18.11 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that
lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions.
Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their
effect on enzyme activity.
1. Students will explain how enzymes speed up the
rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the
reaction’s activation energy.
Enzymes: special proteins that speed up the rate
of a reaction
An enzyme is a CATALYST (a substance that lowers
the activation energy of a reaction)
The activation energy is the minimum amount of
energy needed for a reaction to begin.
2. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of
environmental factors on enzyme activity.
Factors that affect enzymes:
Concentration
pH
Temperature
Each enzyme can speed up reactions at certain concentration levels, pH levels, and temperature. When an enzyme is exposed to higher or lower levels or temperature, it will be deactivated or “denatured” and will no longer work to speed up the reaction.
2. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of
environmental factors on enzyme activity.
Properties of Water
SC.912.L.18.12 Discuss the special properties of water that
contribute to Earth’s sustainability as an environment for life:
cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion
upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent.
1. Students will explain the properties of
water at a conceptual level.
Hydrogen Bonding: involves a weak interaction where a hydrogen atom bonds with an oxygen atom
Because of hydrogen bonding, water is a polar molecule.
Polarity: the positive (hydrogen end) attracts the negative (oxygen end) of a nearby water molecule
1. Students will explain the properties of
water at a conceptual level.
Cohesion: water sticks to water; the
hydrogen bonds create surface tension
This allows water droplets to form and
insects and leaves to rest on the surface of
the water.
1. Students will explain the properties of
water at a conceptual level.
Adhesion: water sticks to other surfaces
This allows water to move up straws and
stems of plants
1. Students will explain the properties of
water at a conceptual level.
Temperature Moderation: water has the ability to heat up and
cool down slowly because it takes a lot of energy to do so.
This is why the water is cooler than the sand on a hot day at
the beach.
1. Students will explain the properties of
water at a conceptual level.
Expansion Upon Freezing: as water goes from liquid to solid, it become less dense, the molecules form a crystalline structure when they freeze
This is why ice floats in water!
1. Students will explain the properties of
water at a conceptual level.
Universal Solvent: many substances are able to dissolve in
water due to its structure
2. Students will explain how the properties
make water essential for life on Earth.
Think! How do these properties of water allow life on Earth to
be possible?
Record on your outline and be ready to share out!
Scientific Method
SC.912.N.1.1
1. Student will design and/or evaluate a
scientific investigation using evidence of
scientific thinking and/or problem solving.
Photosynthesis
SC.912.L.18.7 Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions
of photosynthesis.
1. Students will identify the reactants, products,
and the basic functions of photosynthesis.
Plant cells capture energy from the sun and convert it into food (carbohydrates in the form of glucose – aka sugar).
Plant cells then convert the carbs into energy during cellular respiration.
The ultimate source of energy for all living things is the Sun.
Reactants =
Carbon dioxide,
water, and light
energy
Products =
Glucose and oxygen
OCCURS IN CHLOROPLASTS!
Cellular Respiration
SC.912.L.18.8 Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions
of cellular respiration.
1. Students will identify the reactants, products,
and the basic functions of cellular respiration.
Food molecules are converted to energy.
There are three stages to cellular respiration: glycolysis, citric
acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and electron transport chain.
Reactants =
Glucose and oxygen
Products =
Carbon dioxide, water, energy
OCCURS IN
MITOCHONDRIA
2. Students will compare and contrast aerobic
and anaerobic cellular respiration.
Aerobic Respiration:
Requires the presence of oxygen
Release of energy from the breakdown of glucose (or other
organic compound) In the presence of oxygen
Energy release is used to make ATP, which provides energy for
bodily processes
Takes place in almost all living things
Step two (Krebs Cycle) and step three (ETC) of cellular
respiration are aerobic processes
2. Students will compare and contrast aerobic
and anaerobic cellular respiration.
Anaerobic Respiration:
Occurs in the absence of oxygen
Breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen with the
production of a small amount of energy
Produces less energy than aerobic respiration
Often called fermentation
Seen as an adaptation for organisms that live in an environment that lack
oxygen
Step one (glycolysis) of cellular respiration is considered anaerobic, from
there if oxygen is not present the organism will proceed with fermentation in
place of Krebs and ETC
Fermentation:
When cells are not provided with oxygen in a timely manner, this process
occurs to continue producing ATP until oxygen is available again
Glucose is broken down
There are two types of fermentation:
2. Students will compare and contrast aerobic
and anaerobic cellular respiration.
Lactic Acid Fermentation (muscle cells): Glucose Lactic Acid + ATP
Alcoholic Fermentation (plant cells): Glucose CO2 + Alcohol + 2ATP
Interrelated Nature of Cellular
Respiration & Photosynthesis
SC.912.L.18.9 Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and
cellular respiration.
1. Students will explain how the products of
photosynthesis are used as reactants for cellular
respiration and vice versa.
1. Students will explain how the products of
photosynthesis are used as reactance for
cellular respiration and vice versa.
• Photosynthesis STORES energy
in organic compound
•Cellular Respiration RELEASES
energy from organic
compounds
ATP
SC.912.L.18.10 Connect the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to
energy transfers within a cell.
1. Students will connect the role of ATP to
energy transfers within the cell.
ATP: a molecule that stores and releases the
energy in its bonds when the cell needs it
Removing a phosphate group (P) allows energy to
be released for chemical reactions to occur in the
cell
When the cell has energy, energy is stored in the
phosphate bonds of ATP
• Photosynthesis STORES energy
in ATP
•Cellular Respiration RELEASES
energy from ATP
1. Students will connect the role of ATP to
energy transfers within the cell.