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Low-Power, Low-Phase Noise SiGe HBT Static Frequency
Divider Topologies up to 100 GHz
Ekaterina Laskin, Sean T. Nicolson, Sorin P. VoinigescuUniversity of Toronto, Canada
Pascal Chevalier, Alain Chantre, Bernard Sautreuil,STMicroelectronics, France
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 2/23
Outline• Motivation• Static divider topology• Fabrication technologies• Test setup and results• Conclusion
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 3/23
Motivation• Applications at 80 GHz:
– Phase-locked loop– Radio circuits
• Comparison of divider topologies• Technology benchmark
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 4/23
Static Divider Topology
• On-chip transformer and matching• Toggle flip-flop, 50 Ω output buffer• 2 different latch designs implemented
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 5/23
Integrated Transformer
• Stacked design, top 2 metals over substrate • 30µm square, 1µm spacing, 2µm metal width
primary
secondary
30µm
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 6/23
Transformer Model
• Model extracted from geometry using ASITIC• π - network includes substrate model• k = 0.855 is achieved
primary
secondaryk
substrate model
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 7/23
Input Network Simulation
• Divider input matched 40 – 100 GHz• Transformer operational up to 100 GHz
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 8/23
Latch Design 1 – w/o input EF• ECL latch
• Inductive peaking
• No split load
• Self-biased
• Resistive input biasing
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 9/23
Latch Design 2 – with input EF
• Double-EF input buffer
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 10/23
0.1 1 100
50
100
150
200
250
300
JC (mA/m2)
fT
fMAX
Implementation• Both dividers fabricated in 2 SiGe processes:
BiCMOS9
0.1 1 100
50
100
150
200
250
300
JC (mA/m2)
fT
fMAX
BipX
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 11/23
Fabricated Dividers
with input EF w/out input EF
BiCMOS9
BipX
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 12/23
Fabricated Dividers
with input EF w/out input EF
BiCMOS9
BipX
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 13/23
Fabricated Dividers
with input EF w/out input EF
BiCMOS9
BipX
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 14/23
Fabricated Dividers
with input EF w/out input EF
BiCMOS9
BipX
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 15/23
Fabricated Dividers
with input EF w/out input EF
BiCMOS9
BipX
515μm × 473μm
3.3 V
145 mW
502μm × 360μm
3.3 V
122 mW
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 16/23
Test Setup
0 - 50 GHz:
50 - 75 GHz:
75 - 100 GHz:
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 17/23
Measurement Results• Divider self-oscillation frequency:
404550556065707580
220 240 260 280 300Process f MAX (GHz)
Div
ider
SO
F (G
Hz)
Divider with EFDivider w/out EF
BipX
BiCMOS9
BipX1BipX2
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 18/23
Sensitivity Curves
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Input Frequency [GHz]
Inpu
t Pow
er [d
Bm
]
BipX, w/o EFBipX, w/ EFBiCMOS9, w/o EFBiCMOS9, w/ EF
25 °C
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 19/23
Sensitivity Curves
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Input Frequency [GHz]
Inpu
t Pow
er [d
Bm
]
25 °C50 °C100 °C
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 20/23
Divider Phase Noise
Input Output
• 100 GHz• -90.4 dBc/Hz @
100 kHz offset
• 50 GHz• -96.4 dBc/Hz @
100 kHz offset• Phase noise -6 dB with frequency halving
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 21/23
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Input Frequency [GHz]
Inpu
t Pow
er [d
Bm
]
BiCMOS9, HBT onlyBiCMOS9, MOS-HBTBipX, HBT only
Further Improvements
HBT only
MOS-HBT
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 22/23
Comparison to Previous Work
[6]
[5]
[9]
[7]
[8][2]
This Work
This Work
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
100 200 300 400 500
Technology fT [GHz]
Div
ider
SO
F [G
Hz]
InPCMOSSiGe
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 23/23
Conclusion• 2 SiGe static dividers designed and
analyzed in 2 technologies• Designed divider operates up to 100 GHz• Features an integrated transformer
operating at 100 GHz• Ideal phase noise behaviour• Low power
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 24/23
Thank You
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 25/23
Back-up Slides
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 26/23
50-Ω Output Buffer
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 27/23
0.1 1 100
50
100
150
200
250
300
IC (mA)
fMAX
fT
0.1 1 100
50
100
150
200
250
300
IC (mA)
fMAX
fT
BipX Process Splits
BipX2 BipX1
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 28/23
Measurement Results• Divider self-oscillation frequency:
404550556065707580
170 190 210 230 250 270Process fT (GHz)
Div
ider
SO
F (G
Hz)
Divider with EFDivider w/out EF
BiCMOS9
BipX
BipX1BipX2
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 29/23
Measurement Results
with input EF w/out input EF
BiCMOS9 avg= 45.9 GHzavg= 52.03 GHz
s.dev.= 1.54 GHz
BipX avg= 65.02 GHzavg= 72.43 GHz
s.dev.= 2.06 GHz
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 30/23
Source Phase Noise @ 100GHz
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10 October 2006 Paper Number 12.3 31/23
BiCMOS Divider