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Liquefaction Resistance of Geologically Aged Sand Deposits
David SaftnerUniversity of Minnesota Duluth
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Liquefaction Overview
Current Methods of Accounting for Age in Liquefaction Analysis
Additional Data from Explosive Compaction Projects
Griffin, Indiana
Comparison of Current Methods
Conclusions
Outline
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Photo from Penzien, 1964
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Photo courtesy of Rebecca Teasley
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dvo
vo rg
aCSR
'65.0 max
Whitman (1971)
Seed and Idriss (1971)
Updated several times since 1971
“Simplified” Method
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Normalized Tip Resistance, qc1N
Cyc
lic R
esi
stan
ce R
atio
, C
RR
Robertson & Wride (1998)
Moss et al. (2006)
Idriss & Boulanger (2008)
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Liquefaction Overview
Current Methods of Accounting for Age in Liquefaction Analysis
Additional Data from Explosive Compaction Projects
Griffin, Indiana
Comparison of Current Methods
Conclusions
Outline
![Page 8: Liquefaction Resistance of Geologically Aged Sand Deposits David Saftner University of Minnesota Duluth](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cdc5503460f949a7e06/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
10-2
100
102
104
106
108
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Age (years)
Str
engt
h G
ain
Fac
tor
Kulhawy and Mayne (1990)
Seed (1979)
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Photo from USGS, 2009
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Photo from USGS, 2009
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Photo from South Carolinian Library Archives, 2012
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From Andrus et al., 2009
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Measured to Estimated Shear Wave Velocity Ratio(Hayati and Andrus, 2009)
𝐾𝐷𝑅=1.08𝑀𝐸𝑉𝑅−0.08
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Liquefaction Overview
Current Methods of Accounting for Age in Liquefaction Analysis
Additional Data from Explosive Compaction Projects
Griffin, Indiana
Comparison of Current Methods
Conclusions
Outline
![Page 16: Liquefaction Resistance of Geologically Aged Sand Deposits David Saftner University of Minnesota Duluth](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cdc5503460f949a7e06/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
(from Hryciw, 1986)
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20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400
CPT tip resistance, qc (MPa)
Pre-Blast Range (7 tests)
One Week Range (6 tests)2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Dep
th, z
(m
)
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Liquefaction Overview
Current Methods of Accounting for Age in Liquefaction Analysis
Additional Data from Explosive Compaction Projects
Griffin, Indiana
Comparison of Current Methods
Conclusions
Outline
![Page 19: Liquefaction Resistance of Geologically Aged Sand Deposits David Saftner University of Minnesota Duluth](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cdc5503460f949a7e06/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Blast site
Paleo-liquefactionsites
Photo courtesy of Mulzer Crushed Stone, Inc.
Griffin, IN
Nor
th
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Clay
Loose ~GWTSand
DenseSand
LooseGravellySand
2m
1m
2m
5m
4mLower Liquefiable Layer
Upper Liquefiable Layer
0 m
2 m
4 m
6 m
8 m
10 m
12 m
14 m
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Paleo-liquefaction feature
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Paleo-liquefaction feature
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6 8 10 12 14 16 1810
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
Tip resistance, qc (MPa)
Dep
th, z
(m
)
Pre-Blast Mean (7 tests)One Week Mean (6 tests)
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200 210 220 230 240 250 26010
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
Shear Wave Velocity, Vs (m/sec)
Dep
th,
z (m
)
Pre-Blast V s
Post-Blast V s
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Jebba Dam, Jebba, Nigeria
Explosive Compaction Projects in Aged Sand Deposits
Douglas Lake, Michigan
Harriet’s Bluff, Georgia
Greeley, Colorado
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Pre-Blast Tip Resistance
(MPa)
Post-Blast Tip Resistance
(MPa)
Strength Gain
Factor
Geologic Age (years before
present)Griffin, IN 14.5 8 1.95 12,000Jebba, Nigeria (Mitchell and Solymar, 1984)
15 10 1.5 15,000
Harriet’s Bluff, GA (Hryciw and Dowding, 1988)
5 3.75 1.25 5,000
Greeley, CO (Charlie et al., 1992)
4.5 2.6 1.97 11,000
Douglas Lake, MI (Thomann and Hryciw, 1992)
8 2.5 2.15 9,000
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Liquefaction Overview
Current Methods of Accounting for Age in Liquefaction Analysis
Additional Data from Explosive Compaction Projects
Griffin, Indiana
Comparison of Current Methods
Conclusions
Outline
![Page 30: Liquefaction Resistance of Geologically Aged Sand Deposits David Saftner University of Minnesota Duluth](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cdc5503460f949a7e06/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Pre-Blast Vs
(m/sec)
Post-Blast Vs
(m/sec)
Predicted MEVR
Predicted MEVR
± 1 σ
Calculated MEVR
Griffin, IN 256 212 1.24 1.07 – 1.41 1.26Douglas Lake, MI (Thomann and Hryciw, 1992)
220 170 1.23 1.06 – 1.4 1.27
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𝐾𝐷𝑅=0.201 log 𝑡+0.863
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Liquefaction Overview
Current Methods of Accounting for Age in Liquefaction Analysis
Additional Data from Explosive Compaction Projects
Griffin, Indiana
Comparison of Current Methods
Conclusions
Outline
![Page 34: Liquefaction Resistance of Geologically Aged Sand Deposits David Saftner University of Minnesota Duluth](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649cdc5503460f949a7e06/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Explosive compaction resets a deposit’s
geotechnical age Determine age using Andrus et al. (2009)
MEVR approach Strength gain factor using:
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Questions?