Linking Land Use & Transportation
Presented by:
Barbara Arens, PE, PTOE
Vice President PB Brad Strader, AICP, PTP
Managing Partner LSL Planning
LINKING LAND USE LINKING LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSPORTATION TO CREATE A LEGACYTO CREATE A LEGACY
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Legacy = Bequest, Heritage
Linking transportation and land use canImprove safetyRevitalize areasSupport commerce/jobsAlter the environmentInfluence community health and quality of life
How will you make your mark?
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Land Use Influences Transportation
Arrangement and density affects number, length, and type of trip:People living close to workCommercial and schools within walking distance of residentialResidential and employment densities that support transitIsolated land uses at low density
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Transportation Can Influence Land Use
Street design Adding/removing parking Adding/removing lanes 1-way versus 2-way streets New roads or interchanges Add walking/biking paths Availability of transit, its
type Build By-Pass
Washtenaw Access Management Plan:
One-Way 3-to-2 Road Diet Concept
Charlotte, NCLight Rail
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Transportation – Land Use Disconnect
Different agencies or departments
Different educational background
Different time horizons
Future land use: optimism versus reality
Separate planning processes/tools
Site Plan
Approvals
Public
Right-of-Way
Private
Properties
Road Agency
Permits
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Land Use Tools to Reduce # and Length of Auto Trips
Compact walkable design Development where
transportation capacity exists or is programmed
Street connections Density, nodes and design to
support transit (TOD)
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Mixed-Use Development/TOD Models need to
acknowledge the trip-making distinctions of different land use patterns
Diversity of housing, jobs & retail in close proximity
Complementary uses More walking and transit use 10-40% Internal Trip Capture May impact travel time
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Typical Land Use PlanningExisting Uses/Traffic & Traffic for Planned Use= Traffic would increase 150%= Significant future congestionCommunity would not accept extent of widening needed
Transportation Improvements Plan
Ypsilanti Township, MI
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Revised to Consider New Land Use
Arrangement as Part of Solution• Revised Future Land Use
Map• Rearranged land
uses/Shifted densities• LOS D in most cases• Community acceptance
Transportation Improvements Plan
(New) Ypsilanti Township, MI
Linking Land Use & Transportation
How to Better Integrate Land Use with Transportation Planning
Local Future Local Future Land Use Land Use PlansPlans
EmploymeEmployment & nt & Household Household Projections Projections and Socio-and Socio-Economic Economic datadata
Projected Projected Deficiencies Deficiencies (congestion) (congestion) and and Alternatives Alternatives AnalysisAnalysis
Recommended Changes Recommended Changes – typically to add – typically to add capacitycapacity
•Long Range Transportation Plans assume community will develop per its plan
•Analyze macro, meso, & micro level
•Long Range Plans adopted by agency
•Tied to funding
•Fiscally constrained
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Transportation Analysis Tools (Macro, Meso, and Micro)
Macroscopic Travel Demand
Forecasting Models
Mesoscopic Modelling
DTA Microscopic
Simulation Detailed MOEs
Traffic Analysis Tools
Crash Roadway and
Intersection Assessment
Travel Forecasting Models
Isolated intersection analyses
Microsimulation of network
Linking Land Use & Transportation
PRIME CONNECTOR ACTIVITY | DESTINATION CORRIDOR
NEIGHBORHOOD CONNECTOR BUSINESS CORRIDOR
COMMUTER | WORKHORSE CORRIDOR
1 – ½ MILE SIGNALS, 455’ DRIVE SPACING W/ SVC DRIVES
455’ SPACING, RETRO-FIT TO REDUCE # ESP. NEAR SIGNALS
RETRO-FIT AND NEW CROSS-ACCESS TO REDUCE #ESP. SIGNALS AND POOR OFFSETS
CONSTRUCT PATHWAYS ADD SIDEWALKS, CONNECT GAPSWIDEN SIDEWALKS, ADD PED SIGNALS,
CONNECT GAPS ESP. NEAR TRANSIT
DEMAND RESPONSEPARK AND RIDE
FIXED ROUTE MAJOR ROADSFREQUENT BUS, POTENTIAL EXPRESS BUS,
BRT/LRT/STREETCAR, TOD REDEVELOPMENT
TYPO
LOG
IES
Connectivity: Streets Designed for Land Use (Context) and Uses
ACCESS
N.M.
TRANSIT
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Street Typologies
Local Streets (not shown)
TY
PO
LO
GIE
S
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Boulevard / Commuter Corridor Urban Activity
CenterLocal Street
Target “LOS by Mode” by Street
LSL Planning / City of Lansing, MI Comprehensive Plan
Different Corridor Treatments
Medians – size & width Access control Super streets Intersection control
Roundabouts Stop signs Signals
Urban design (streetscape)
Bike lanes Traffic calming
Linking Land Use & Transportation
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Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS)at Street Level
How does CSS apply to Streets? What are Complete Streets? How do these two Connect?
Complete Streets
Streets planned, designed and operated for all users, ages, and abilities
Interconnected network of roads, sidewalks, pathways & transit
Facilitate movement along and across streets
Match street design to user needs and context
Linking Land Use & Transportation
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Streets have a “Place” Function
“There is magic to great streets. We are attracted to the best of them not because we have to go there but because we want to be there.”
-Allan B. Jacobs, Great Streets
Linking Land Use & Transportation
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Great Places Have Great Streets
Accessibility
Attractiveness
Livability
Community
Interactions
Safety
Linking Land Use & Transportation
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Elements of Complete Streets
Connect to Land Use Walking Biking Lighting Traffic Management Transit Availability Street Furniture Landscaping People Places
Linking Land Use & Transportation
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Contextually Complete Streets & CSS
What is different about CONTEXTUALLY Complete Streets?
Context & Stakeholders Define What is Meant by “Complete”
One Size Does Not Fit All!
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Contextually Complete Streets:
Approach
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Application of Context Sensitive Solutions to Complete Streets:
• Proactive Stakeholder Involvement
• Project Focused Inter-Disciplinary
Team
• Communication and Collaboration
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Successful Contextually Complete Streets Have:
Urban Planners/Designers Environmental Landscape Architects Engineers
Civil Traffic Utility Lighting Drainage Construction Maintenance
Transit Pedestrians Cyclists Truckers Passenger Vehicles/Taxis Parking Agencies Law Enforcement/Fire
Departments Residents/Land Owners Businesses/Chamber of Commerce Citizen Groups Environmental Groups Utility Companies
Project-Focused Interdisciplinary Team
Proactive Stakeholder Involvement
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Linking Land Use & Transportation
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Accommodating Transit Designing for Bikes &
Pedestrians The Grid Road Diets Managing Lanes Traffic Calming On-street Parking Green Treatments New Design Guidelines
Contextually Complete Streets: ToolsContextually Complete Streets: Tools
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Road Diets – Reduce # of Lanes
Consider: Function & environment Traffic volumes (consider
for 8,500 – 24,000 vpd) Peak hour operations Crash types, all modes Impact on parallel roads
Space for amenities On-street parking Bike lanes More green space Washtenaw County Access
Management Plan: One-Way 3-to-2 Road Diet
Concept
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Tools - Road Diets
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Simple as re-striping Cost-effective Optional enhancements Enhances environment
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Road Diet Concept
Surface arterial
“downscale”
Reduces through lanes
Adds turn lanes
May accommodate traffic
without widening
Improves safety
Community context
benefits 28
Smaller Can Be Better
Linking Land Use & Transportation
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Tools – Bus Lanes Differentiated
Colored Pavements – “Painted Tracks” Provides Identity and branding of transit system Passive enforcement for vehicular motorists Way finding path to next station for patron
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Tools - Designing for BicyclistsTools - Designing for Bicyclists
Bicycle racks
Bicycle lanes/Cycle track
Multi-use paths
Wider curb lane
Smooth surfaces
Regular maintenance
Curb inlets/bicycle-safe
grates
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Linking Land Use & Transportation
Tools - Designing for PedestriansTools - Designing for Pedestrians
Removing pedestrian hazards Continuous sidewalks,
minimum 5 feet Curb extensions (bulb-outs) Median refuge islands Pedestrian crossings/signals Raised pavement Safe/Convenient transit stops Landscaping with good
visibility Adequate lighting
31Photo by Jennifer Rosales, PB
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Applying all the Tools for Successful Complete Streets
New Jersey Route 9 Boulder, Colorado Ann Arbor, Michigan
Transportation Plan Update/University of Michigan
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Higher Density: Current Reality
New Jersey Route 9:Matching the Road to the Community
Higher Density: Future Concept
Linking Land Use & Transportation
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Boulder, CO
Known for Streets That are DestinationsKnown for Streets That are DestinationsKnown for Streets That are DestinationsKnown for Streets That are Destinations
Linking Land Use & Transportation
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Boulder, Colorado: All arterials should be multi-modal corridors for auto, pedestrian, bicycle, and transit use.
Case Study – Ann Arbor, MI City Transportation Plan Coordinated with transit
agency, university, city, county & MPO
Increased planned residential & employment density to encourage more transit/walking (TOD)
Planned transit corridors to serve major land use changes
Balanced investment in all modes and phased implementation
Linking Land Use & Transportation
*Zupan and Pushkarev. 1977. Public Transportation and Land Use Policy.
TOD Corridor Overlay Zoning
Transit-Oriented Should Have
5-7+ Units per acre (bus) 25-40 employees +
residents per acre* Compact development Appropriate mix of uses
Transit-Oriented Should NOT have
Low density residential Deep building setbacks Auto related uses
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Ann Arbor, MI Conclusion
Depending on part of town, implementation included: Increased bus service/park and ride facilities Road Diet locations identified Planned transit corridors to meet
community/University needs Key corridor redevelopment with signature
transit proposed/multi-modal network development
Short, Medium, and Long Range Implementation Plan (20 years) for all modes
New zoning regulations (TOD, Form-Based Code)
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Leesburg Leesburg Crescent District Crescent District
Plan & Plan & Form-Based CodeForm-Based Code
Form-Based Codes
Regulates physical form, with a lesser focus on use
Defines the streetscape to ensure proper building : street relationship
Combines zoning regulations and street design standards into one code
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Case Study: Birmingham Triangle Plan
Street redesign and parking to stimulate change
Urban Plan and Form-Based Code
Within two days of plan approval, submittal of plans for $25-million development and major mixed-use building
City of Birmingham Triangle Plan
Creating a Transportation Legacy
Understand current policies
& procedures Identify ways to integrate
decision-making Integrate land use and
transportation planning Audit regulations and update Evaluate current street design
standards Prioritize and invest in all modes
Opportunity to change our mindset. . . . . .from avoiding negatives to creating positives
Courtesy FMLA
What will you do to leave your legacy?
Linking Land Use & Transportation
Contact Information
Brad Strader
Barbara
Arens