Folia Cryptog. Estonica, Fasc. 48: 45–58 (2011)
INTRODUCTION
The Pakri Peninsula is situated in the northwest-ern part of the Estonian mainland, Harjumaa County, between the Lahepere and Paldiski Bays of the Baltic Sea (59°19–23’N 24°02–10’E) (Fig. 1). The length of the peninsula is 12 km, the width is 5 km, and the area in total is c. 40 km2.The climate of the Pakri Peninsula resembles that of the western and northwestern coasts of Estonia and the climate of our islands: the aver-age annual temperature is 5,9 °C; the coldest month is February, with the average tempera-ture of -3,8 °C, and the average temperature of the warmest month July is 16,6 °C. The mean precipitation is 567 mm, dropping to 356 mm in the warm period (from April to October). The average annual sunshine duration is 1800 hours, and the snow cover duration amounts to 90–100 days (EMHI, Kliima).
The Pakri Peninsula is a plateau which is bordered by the Ordovician and Cambrian limestone outcrop. The highest part of the lime-stone bank on the Pakri Cape is 24,8 m above the sea level. The relief of the peninsula is flat, with some ice-edge formations, like ridges and
Lichens and their substrate preferences on the Pakri Peninsula (Northwest Estonia)
Ljudmilla Martin1, Tiina Randlane2 & Jüri Martin1
1Euroacademy, Mustamäe tee 4, 10621 Tallinn, Estonia. E-mail: [email protected]
2Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 38/40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: A checklist of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of the Pakri Peninsula is presented and an overview of substrate preferences of recorded taxa is compiled. The list includes 243 species, eight of them appear new to Estonia: Catillaria ato-marioides, Lecanora persimilis, Micarea lithinella, Opegrapha calcarea, Staurothele rupifraga, Thelidium olivaceum, T. papulare and Verrucaria hochstetteri. Verrucaria maculiformis, which was considered extinct in Estonia, is re-found, and Staurothele caesia, which has earlier been recorded as dubious for Estonia, is verified hereby. The greatest diversity of species is recorded among epilithic taxa, altogether with 121 species of which 63 species occurred on calcareous stones, 60 on granite, 18 on concrete and 12 on sandstone.
Kokkuvõte: Pakri poolsaare (Loode-Eesti) samblikud ja nende substraadieelistusedEsitatakse Pakri poolsaare lihheniseerunud ja lihhenikoolsete seente nimekiri ning käsitletakse nende liikide substraadieelistusi. Nimekiri sisaldab 243 liiki, neist kaheksa (Catillaria atomarioides, Lecanora persimilis, Micarea lithinella, Opegrapha calcarea, Staurothele rupifraga, Thelidium olivaceum, T. papulare ja Verrucaria hochstetteri) on Eestile uued. Üks samblik (Verrucaria maculiformis), mida varem peeti Eestis tõenäoliselt hävinuks, on taasleitud ning teise, eelnevalt kaheldavalt määratud liigi (Staurothele caesia) leidumine siin on nüüd tõestatud. Samblike suurim liigirikkus tuvastati epiliitide hulgas – kokku leiti erinevatelt kivisubstraatidelt 121 liiki, neist 63 liiki lubjakivilt, 60 graniidilt, 18 betoonilt and 12 liivakivilt.
Fig. 1. Location of the study area.
TALLINN
46 Folia Cryptog. Estonica
moraines (Fig.2). The surface covering is mainly gravel and slag, the thickness of which ranges from some centimeters to some meters. The bedrock of the soil includes Cambrian sands and clay, sorted out gravel, clay and sands (Kink, 1996). Lithologically different types and formations of calcareous substrate are repre-sented, e.g. limestone and dolomites from Väo Formation (Lasnamäe Stage), Kõrgekalda For-mation (Uhaku Stage) and glauconite limestone from Toila Formation (Volkhov Stage) (Raukas, 1988). The Pakri Peninsula is a vivid example of the northern coast of the North-Estonian Klint (North-Estonian limestone escarpment) with its peculiar landscape.
Different vegetation types are found on the peninsula. The so-called klint forest is an unu-sual habitat for temperate broad-leaved tree spe-cies (Acer platanoides L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Tilia cordata Mill., Quercus robur L., and Padus avium Mill.) in northern Europe; it occurs as a narrow stripe on the talus slopes (Paal, 1998; Jüriado et al., 2009). Already Lippmaa (1935) singled out the area with this special vegeta-tion as “Estonia clivosa”. In the lower coastal areas alder trees (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) pre-dominate (Tamm et al., 1997). Coniferous trees, mainly Pinus sylvestris L., are found in small numbers on the eastern coast, on drifted sand. Alvar forests represent one of the rarest forest types in Europe – their distribution is limited to limestone areas with very thin soil layer ranging from a couple of cm to 30 cm; they spread only in western and northwestern Estonia and southern Sweden (incl. Gotland and Öland) (Laasimer, 1965; Meier & Paal 2009). Other forest types, with the soil turning marshy with over moisture can also be found on the peninsula (Truus &
Kannukene, 1996).The wetter the soil, the wider is the extent of rich paludified forest types (e.g. Filipendula site type with Alnus glutinosa, Betula pubescens Ehrh., and Fraxinus excelsior). The vascular flora of the Pakri Peninsula includes 542 taxa, 177 out of them have been found be-fore 1970s (Jõe & Ramst, 1996; Kukk & Kull, 2005). Calciphilous plant species which prefer calcareous soil dominate in the flora. Several new species (Crambe maritima L., Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó, Daphne mezereum L., Pul-satilla pratensis (L.) Mill.,) were recorded only recently, in 2009, in the Pakrineeme research area, where altogether 167 vascular plant spe-cies were registered (Martin et al., 2009).
Pakri Landscape Reserve was founded in 1998 to protect the local landscape, with its fauna and flora. The Reserve is situated in Harjumaa, on the territory of Paldiski city, con-taining predominantly the coastal areas of the Pakri Peninsula, northern parts of Suur-Pakri (Stora-Rågö) and Väike-Pakri (Lilla-Rågo) Is-lands, also, the sea between them together with Kappa and Bjargranne islets, plus the southern part of Väike-Pakri Island. The total area of the Reserve is 1450 ha (Vabariigi Valitsuse määrus 97, 1998).
During the World War 2nd and thereafter, there were great changes in the land use on the Peninsula. For more than 50 years, between 1939–1995, the peninsular territory had been closed for economic activities and civilian visits. Therefore only scarce data about the lichen biota of the Pakri Penisnula were known earlier. The aim of the present study was to compile a check-list of lichenized, lichenicolous and allied fungi of this remarkable area, and give an overview of substrate preferences of recorded taxa.
Fig. 2. Plateau of the Pakri Peninsula (left), and coastal terraces of limestone pebbles.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The list of taxa is based on the herbarium speci-mens which are stored in the herbaria of the following institutions: H – Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki (Finland), ICEB – Euroacademy (Tallinn, Estonia), TAAM – Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences (Tartu, Estonia), TAM – Estonian Museum of Natural History (Tallinn, Estonia), and TU – Natural History Museum, University of Tartu (Tartu, Estonia).
The list of earlier collections from the Pakri peninsula was compiled using the database of Estonian lichens eSamba (http://www.ut.ee/ial5/lich/baasid/esamba.html) which mainly accumulates data from TU and TAM. The data-base was scanned using key words “Pakri Penin-sula” and “Paldiski”, resulting in 112 references to the herbarium specimens representing 70 species. Information of lichen specimens collect-ed by the following persons was included: Ernst Häyren (collecting performed in 1924), Inga Jüriado (1997, 2001), Eugen Niclasen (1910), Erast Parmasto (1995), Taimi Piin (1960), Silvi Pärn-Eilart (1960), Jaak Ruubel (1932), Veli Räsänen (1929), Mari Sarv (1995), and Heljo Ting (1960). Furthermore, fresh material of more than 600 lichen samples was collected by Ljudmilla Martin and Jüri Martin in 1999 in the central part of the peninsula; in 2009–2010 on its northeastern coast; and by Tatjana Shadrina in 2005 on concrete in various localities of the peninsula. The fresh material was mainly identi-fied by the first author.
The data about red-listed species originate from Randlane et al. (2008), and the data about protected species from Riigi Teataja (Vabariigi Valitsuse määrus 195, 2004; Keskkonnaministri määrus 51, 2004). A rare species is defined here as a species with ten or less recorded localities in Estonia (Randlane & Saag, 1999); the infor-mation about rarity comes from the databases eSamba (http://www.ut.ee/ial5/lich/baasid/esamba.html) and eElurikkus (http://elurikkus.ut.ee/). The nomenclature follows Randlane et al. (2009).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The list of taxa
In total 243 species of lichenized and licheni-colous fungi are listed on the Pakri Peninsula
(Appendix), eight of them appear new to Estonia. Among recorded taxa, 233 are lichenized and 10 belong to the group of lichenicolous fungi. One species which was considered regionally extinct is re-found, and another species which has earlier been recorded as dubious in Estonia is verified hereby.
The oldest specimens available from this area were collected by Niclasen in 1910 (one species – Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC.), by Häyren in 1924 (two species) and by Räsänen in 1929 (25 species); Räsänen identified also the samples collected by Ruubel in 1932. During the whole soviet period, a few specimens were collected by Piin, Pärn-Eilart and Ting in 1960 close to the road to Paldiski city; only in 1990ies the penin-sula was re-opened for civil public. The following taxa are recorded according to the old collections exclusively, and were not re-found during recent field work: Arctoparmelia incurva (Pers.) Hale, Cetraria ericetorum Opiz, Diploschistes musco-rum (Scop.) R. Sant., Flavocetraria nivalis (L.) Kärnefelt & A. Thell, Gyalecta jenensis (Batch) Zahlbr., Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg, Schaereria fuscocinerea (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Solorina saccata (L.) Ach., Staurothele frustulenta Vain., Umbilicaria torrefacta (Lightf.) Schrad., and Usnea hirta (L.) F.H. Wigg. (Appen-dix). Among them, three species (Arctoparmelia incurva, Flavocetraria nivalis and Solorina sac-cata) are assigned to the red-listed categories in the recent Red List of Estonia (Randlane et al., 2008) and two species (Gyalecta jenensis and Staurothele frustulenta) appear rare in Estonia (Randlane & Saag, 1999).
Species new to Estonia
Catillaria atomarioides (Müll. Arg.) Kilias – Harjumaa Co., Pakri Peninsula, 59°23’03’’N 24°04’11’’E, on a granite boulder on the marine terrace, leg. Ljudmilla & Jüri Martin 10.07.2009 (ICEB). The species is characterized by a dark brown or greenish black true exciple, and it differs from the similar C. chalybeia (Borrer) A. Massal. by the colourless hypothecium. On the British Isles it is frequent on siliceous rocks, but has earlier been much overlooked (Smith et al., 2009). In Fennoscandia it is recorded in Norway and Sweden (Santesson et al., 2004).
leCanora persimilis (Th. Fr.) Nyl. – Harjumaa Co., Pakri Peninsula, 59°23’02’’N 24°04’11’’E, on dry twigs of Rosa sp. in a coastal meadow, leg. Ljudmilla & Jüri Martin 08.07.2009 (ICEB). A
48 Folia Cryptog. Estonica
member of the Lecanora dispersa group, being most similar to L. sambuci (Pers.) Nyl. which differs in having 12 or more spored asci, or to L. hagenii (Ach.) Ach. which often has pruinose disc and white or grey lecanorine apothecial margin. L. persimilis has epruinose disc, often brown-ish biatorine apothecial margin and 8 spores in asci. The taxon is common on branches and twigs of deciduous trees and shrubs with a neutral bark (Śliwa, 2007). In Fennoscandia it is recorded in Norway and Sweden (Santesson et al., 2004); in the Baltic states – in Lithuania (Motiejunaite, 2011).
miCarea lithinella (Nyl.) Hedl. – Harjumaa Co., Pakri Peninsula, 59°22’59’’N 24°04’20’’E, on the side surface of granite gravel in the old quarry on the plateau, leg. Ljudmilla & Jüri Martin 22.08.2009 (ICEB). The species is considered a pioneer colonizer of shaded stones, widespread but overlooked (Smith et al., 2009). In Fennos-candia it is recorded in Finland, Norway and Sweden (Santesson et al., 2004), in the Baltic states – in Lithuania (Motiejunaite, 2011).
opegrapha CalCarea Turn. ex Sm. – Harjumaa Co., Pakri Peninsula, 59°23’07’’N 24°04’35’’E, on limestone gravel on the sea terrace, leg. Ljudmilla & Jüri Martin 08.07.2009 (two speci-mens, ICEB). Another saxicolous Opegrapha species, O. rupestris Pers., which has earlier been recorded in Estonia, differs by K+ brown-red reaction on the exciple while O. calcarea has K+ olive-green exciple reaction (Smith et al., 2009). In Fennoscandia it is known in Norway and Sweden (Santesson et al., 2004).staurothele rupifraga (A. Massal.) Arnold – Harjumaa Co., Pakri Peninsula, 59°23’06’’N 24°04’23’’E, on limestone gravel on the sea ter-race, leg. Ljudmilla & Jüri Martin 08.07.2009 (four specimens, ICEB); 59°22’47’’N 24°05’11’’E, on a pile of limestone gravel on the forest edge, on the edge of the plateau, leg. Ljudmilla & Jüri Martin 29.06.2009 (two specimens, ICEB). The species is easily recognized by the perithecia im-mersed in pits of the substrate, by 4(-5)-spored asci, and by dark brown, often opaque as-cospores (Orange, 2008; Smith et al., 2009). In Fennoscandia it is recorded in Finland (Pykälä, 2010b), Norway and Sweden (Santesson et al., 2004).
thelidium olivaCeum (Fr.) Körb. – Harjumaa Co., Pakri Peninsula, 59°22’47’’N 24°05’11’’E, on
a pile of limestone gravel on the forest edge, on the edge of the plateau, leg. Ljudmilla & Jüri Martin 29.06.2009, det. Juha Pykälä 15.10.2010 (ICEB). The species is characterized by dark olive-brown diffuse to determinate thal-lus, relatively small semi-immersed to almost superficial perithecia (0.2–0.3 mm in diam.), and black involucrellum, contiguous with the exciple. Ascospores are (0–)1-septate, ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, 15–25 × 6–12 μm (Pykälä, 2007; McCarthy, 2011). In Fennoscandia it is recorded in Finland (Pykälä, 2007), and in the Baltic states – in Latvia (Piterans, 2001); known also in Denmark (Søchting & Alstrup, 2008).thelidium papulare (Fr.) Arnold – Harjumaa Co., Pakri Peninsula, 59°22’47’’N 24°05’11’’E, on a pile of limestone gravel on the forest edge, on the edge of the plateau, leg. Ljudmilla & Jüri Martin 29.06.2009 (two specimens, ICEB). Character-two specimens, ICEB). Character- specimens, ICEB). Character-ized by the relatively large perithecia (0.4–0.8 mm in diam.), well-developed involucrellum, and 3-(5)-septate, large (36–50 × 14–19 μm) ascospores. The species is often found on wet calcareous rocks (Orange, 2008; Smith et al., 2009). In Fennoscandia it is recorded in Finland (Pykälä, 2010a), Norway and Sweden (Santesson et al., 2004).
verruCaria hoChstetteri Fr. – Harjumaa Co., Pakri Peninsula, 59°23’07’’N 24°04’35’’E, on li-59°23’07’’N 24°04’35’’E, on li-mestone gravel on the sea terrace, leg. Ljudmilla & Jüri Martin 08.07.2009 (ICEB); 59°22’47’’N 24°05’11’’E, on a pile of limestone gravel on the forest edge, on the edge of the plateau, leg. Ljudmilla & Jüri Martin 29.06.2009 (ICEB). The species is characterized by immersed thal-lus, large perithecia sunken in pits, absence of involucrellum and large (29–35 × 16–20 μm) ascospores (Orange, 2008; Smith et al., 2009). In Fennoscandia it is recorded in Finland (Pykälä 2010a), Norway and Sweden (Santesson et al., 2004).
Protected, red-listed and rare species
Out of 243 species of lichenized and licheni-colous fungi recorded on the Pakri Peninsula (Appendix), 11 species are included in the so-called red-listed categories of the latest Red List of Estonia (Randlane et al., 2008): one species (Arctoparmelia incurva) belongs to the category Endangered; four (Arthonia lapidicola (Taylor) Branth. & Rostr., Leptogium schraderi (Bernh.) Nyl., L. subtile (Schrad.) Torss., Opegrapha
49
rupestris) – to the category Vulnerable; three (Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) Grognot, Flavocetraria nivalis, Solorina saccata) – to the category Near Threatened; two (Leptogium gelatinosum (With.) J.R. Laundon, Melanelia sorediata (Ach.) Goward & Ahti) – to the category Data Deficient; and one species (Verrucaria maculiformis Kremp.) belonged to the category Regionally Extinct, be-ing thus re-found hereby. One of the red-listed lichens, Solorina saccata, is assigned to the legally protected species in Estonia – to the pro-tection category II (Vabariigi Valitsuse määrus nr 195, 2004). About half of the recorded taxa, 127 species, are placed in the Red List category Least Concerned, while 105 species have not been evaluated against the criteria proposed by IUCN guidelines for the system of red list categories yet. Among the not-evaluated taxa, however, many species appear rare in Estonia; therefore the estimation of ‘rare’ versus ‘com-mon’ taxa was performed (Randlane & Saag, 1999. The number of rare taxa (70 species), with ten or less recorded localities in Estonia, forms almost one third of all recorded species on the peninsula) (Appendix). One of the rare lichens, Staurothele caesia (Arnold) Arnold, has earlier been recorded as dubious in Estonia (Randlane & Saag, 2004) as the according herbarium ma-terial had not been studied, and the taxon was included in the list on literature data only (Brut-tan, 1870). Now the occurrence of this species in Estonia is verified.
Lichens on different substrates
The following main substrate groups were considered: deciduous trees, coniferous trees, lignum, calcareous stone, concrete, granite, sandstone, soil, and lichens (Fig. 3).
The greatest diversity of species is recorded among epilithic taxa, altogether with 121 spe-cies of which 63 species occurred on calcareous stones, 60 on granite, 18 on concrete and 12 on sandstone. Calcareous substrate includes rock fragments and pebbles which occur in three different ecotopes on the Pakri peninsula: (1) limestone pebbles and rocks on the plateau and in quarries, (2) limestone outcrops on the slope of the klint under the canopy of deciduous trees, and (3) limestone pebbles of coastal terraces. The first ecotope is the most rich in species, with Arthonia lapidicola, Aspicilia moenium (Vain.) G. Thor & Timdal, Lecanora dispersa (Pers.)
Sommerf., Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel & Leuckert and Verrucaria muralis Ach. dominat-ing on pebbles and rocks on the plateau and in quarries. Several common lichens, e.g. Aspicilia calcarea (L.) Mudd, Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr., Lecanora dispersa, Rinodina immersa (Körb.) Arnold etc. are abundant on limestone pebbles of the coastal terraces. Some species are adapted to the specific habitats, e.g. Acarospora heppii (Nägeli ex Hepp) Nägeli was found in the pits and fissures of the unstable limestone pebbles on the marine terraces close to the coastline while Gyalecta subclausa Anzi was found in the localities outside the direct influence of the sea, on the lower surface of loose limestone rocks, or on the surface covered with mosses or other stones. Lichen diversity was separately recorded on concrete, an artificial substrate which is most similar to limestone by its chemical and physi-cal properties. On the Pakri peninsula, many military structures of concrete were built during the last 100 years, and debris and fragments of these are still exposed. The species richness of lichens is smaller on concrete compared with limestone, and only common species (e.g. As-picilia moenium, Caloplaca citrina, C. decipiens (Arnold) Blomb. & Forssell, Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr., Lecanora albescens (Hoffm.) Branth & Rostr., Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) J. Steiner etc.) were listed on this substrate. Granite substrate includes erratic boulders and pebbles (including crystalline pebbles of granite, gneiss and schist). Acarospora fuscata (Nyl.) Arnold, Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid., Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb., Cande-
Fig. 3. Distribution of lichenized and licheni-colous fungi recorded on the Pakri Peninsula between the main substrate groups.
no of taxa
50 Folia Cryptog. Estonica
lariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg., Catillaria chalybeia (Borrer) A. Massal., Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr., Lecidea lapicida var. pantherina Ach., Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach., and Xanthopar-melia conspersa (Ach.) Hale are common taxa on granite.The species composition of granite boulders located on the plateau and on marine terraces differs with regard to rare species. For example, Acarospora smaragdula (Wahlenb.) A. Massal., Ramalina subfarinacea (Nyl. ex Cromb.) Nyl., and Sarcogyne privigna (Ach.) A. Massal. grow on the boulders on the plateau while Amandinea cacuminum (Th. Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Sheard, Buellia aethalea (Ach.) Th. Fr., and Pseudosagedia chlorotica (Ach.) Hafellner & Kalb were found on the boulders on marine terraces. Lecidella scabra (Taylor) Hertel & Leuckert was recorded only on the pebbles of sandstone on marine terraces.
Epiphytic lichen biota includes 81 species on the Pakri peninsula. One of the main factors, affecting the occurrence of epiphytic lichen species, is the acidity of the phorophyte bark. Coniferous trees (and birch) have normally acid and deciduous trees have subneutral bark in unpolluted areas (Wirth, 1995). In the study area coniferous trees are represented by two species, Pinus sylvestris (hereafter ‘pine’) and Juniperus communis L. Pines grow here in two separate localities: on the plateau in south-eastern part of the peninsula, and on the coastal sandy plain in the north-eastern part of the peninsula. Altogether 31 lichen species were recorded on pines. Common acidic and acidophilic lichens, e.g. Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav., Par-meliopsis ambigua (Wulfen) Nyl., Platismatia glauca (L.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb., species of Bryoria and Usnea are absent on the Pakri pen-insula (U. hirta was found once in 1929). Buellia schaereri De Not., Dimerella pineti (Ach.) Vězda, Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., Lecanora sym-micta (Ach.) Ach. and Parmelia sulcata Taylor are common here on pine trunks; these species have wider amplitude to acidity of substrate (Wirth, 1995). Subneutrophilic and neutrophilic species Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy, Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H. Olivier, P. tenella, Ramalina fastigiata (Pers.) Ach., and Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. were recorded on pines on the plateau, indicating a change in the chemical composition and properties of the tree bark. On the pines growing on coastal plain, on the con-
trary, typical species of acidic bark, e.g. Micarea prasina Fr., Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Mas-sal., Scoliciosporum chlorococcum (Stenh.) Vězda and Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) J.-E. Mattsson & M.J. Lai, were found. 63 species of epiphytic lichens were recorded on the phorophytes with neutral or subneutral bark. The greatest diver-sity of species occurred on Fraxinus excelsior growing on the plateau (27), and on Acer plata-noides growing on the coastal plain (22). Leca-nia naegelii (Hepp) Diederich & Van den Boom, Lecanora carpinea (L.) Vain., L. rugosella Zahlbr., Lecidella elaeochroma, L. euphorea (Flörke) Her-tel, species of the genera Physcia, Physconia, and Xanthoria were abundant on different deciduous trees and shrubs. Anaptychia ciliaris (L.) Körb. and Ramalina fraxinea (L.) Ach. grew only on Fraxinus excelsior on the plateau.
Thirty four species were recorded among epigeic lichens. Species of Cetraria, Cladina, Cladonia, Peltigera and Stereocaulon grow on the coastal plains in areas with sandy soil, among the dis-persed graminaceous vegetation. Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach., Leptogium lichenoides (L.) Zahlbr., L. schraderi, L. subtile, Mycobilimbia species, Rino-dina conradii Körb., Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. and Verrucaria xyloxena Norman were found on the plateau, on the calcareous alvar soil among mosses.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Olle Hints (Institute of Geol-ogy, Tallinn University of Technology) for the assistance in determination the rock samples; to Tatjana Shadrina, MSc, for the permission to use her data about lichens on concrete, and to Elena Andrianova, MSc (both from Euroa-cademy), for the help in collecting and sorting material. Authors thank Juha Pykälä (Finnish Environmental Institute) for identifying some Thelidium and Verrucaria samples. The research was partly financed by Euroacademy grant EU KK d 01, and Baltic Gas, Ltd., contract on stra-tegic environmental assessment.
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Pykälä, J. 2007. Additions to the lichen flora of Fin-land. II. Calcareous rocks and associated soils in Lohja. Graphis Scripta 19(1): 17–32.
Pykälä, J. 2010a. Additions to the lichen flora of Fin-land. IV. Graphis Scripta 22(1): 18–27.
Pykälä, J. 2010b. Additions to the lichen flora of Fin-land. V. Graphis Scripta 22(2): 54–62.
Randlane, T. & Saag, A. (eds) 1999. Second checklist of lichenized, lichenicolous and allied fungi of Estonia. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 35: 1–132.
Randlane, T. & Saag, A. (eds) 2004. Eesti pisisamblikud (Microlichens of Estonia). Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, Tartu. 582 pp. (In Estonian).
Randlane, T., Jüriado, I., Suija, A., Lõhmus, P. & Lep-pik, E. 2008. Lichens in the new Red List of Es-tonia. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 44: 113–120.
Randlane, T., Saag, A. & Suija, A. 2009. Lichenized, lichenicolous and allied fungi of Estonia. Ver. De-cember 30, 2009 – http://esamba.bo.bg.ut.ee/checklist/checklist-2009/home.php
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Santesson, R., Moberg, R., Nordin, A., Tønsberg, T. & Vitikainen, O. 2004. Lichen-forming and lichenico-Lichen-forming and lichenico-lous fungi of Fennoscandia. Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Uppsala. 359 pp.
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52 Folia Cryptog. Estonica
Num
ber o
f spe
cies
on
diffe
rent
subs
trat
es22
136
376
731
65
419
92
1758
923
4612
1810
34Ab
roth
allu
s cae
rules
cens
rN
EA
Acar
ospo
ra fu
scata
fqN
EAB
Acar
ospo
ra g
lauc
ocar
pafq
NE
ABAc
aros
pora
hep
pii
rN
EB
Acar
ospo
ra sm
arag
dula
rN
EA
Acar
ospo
ra v
eron
ensis
fqN
EB
BB
Acro
cord
ia ca
vata
fqN
EA
Acro
cord
ia g
emm
ata
fqLC
ACA
Aman
dine
a ca
cum
inum
r
NE
BAm
andi
nea
coni
ops
fqN
EB
Aman
dine
a pu
ncta
tafq
LCAB
BB
Anap
tych
ia ci
liaris
fqLC
AAr
ctopa
rmeli
a in
curv
afq
ENA
Arth
onia
disp
ersa
rN
EB
Arth
onia
gla
ucom
aria
rN
EB
Arth
onia
lapi
dico
lar
VU
AA
Arth
onia
vin
osa
fqLC
BAs
picil
ia ca
esioc
iner
ear
NE
BAs
picil
ia ca
lcare
afq
NE
ABC
Aspi
cilia
cine
rea
fqLC
BAB
Aspi
cilia
cont
orta
ssp.
cont
orta
rN
EAs
picil
ia co
ntor
ta ss
p. h
offm
anni
ana
fqLC
ABA
AAs
picil
ia m
oeni
umfq
NE
ABAB
Athe
lia a
rach
noid
eafq
LCA
Bacid
ia b
aglie
ttoan
afq
NE
A
Spec
ies o
f lic
heni
zed
and
liche
nico
lous
fung
i
Frequency in Estonia
Category of red list 2008
Subs
trat
es
trees
wood
stone
slichens
soil / plant debris
Acer platanoides
Alnus incana
Betula sp.
Fraxinus excelsior
Juniperus communis
Malus sp.
Pinus sylvestris
Populus tremula
Rosa sp.
Salix caprea
Sorbus aucuparia
Tilia cordata
Ulmus glabra
limestone pebbles
limestone rock
granite pebbles
granite boulders
sandstone pebbles
concrete
Appen
dix
. Th
e list
of
lich
eniz
ed a
nd l
ich
enic
olou
s fu
ngi
in
th
e Pakri
Pen
insu
la,
an
d t
hei
r su
bst
rate
s. A
bbre
viati
ons
of,
(a)
freq
uen
cy o
f sp
ecie
s in
E
ston
ia:
r –
rare
(1–1
0 l
ocaliti
es), f
q –
fre
qu
ent
(11 o
r m
ore
loca
liti
es); (
b)
cate
gori
es o
f th
e R
ed l
ist
of E
ston
ia:
RE
– R
egio
nally
Ext
inct
, E
N –
En
dan
-ge
red, V
U –
Vu
lner
able
, N
T –
Nea
r Th
reate
ned
, D
D –
Data
Defi
cien
t, L
C –
Lea
st C
once
rned
, N
E –
Not
Eva
luate
d;
(c) ec
otop
es: A
– p
late
au
, B
– c
oast
al
terr
ace
s, C
– s
lope
(klin
t).
53Ba
cidia
bec
khau
siifq
NE
BBa
cidia
frax
inea
fqLC
ACC
Buell
ia a
etha
lear
NE
BBu
ellia
disc
iform
isfq
LCB
Buel
lia g
riseo
vire
nsfq
LCAB
BBu
ellia
scha
erer
ifq
NE
ABC
alici
um g
lauc
ellum
fqLC
BC
alop
laca
alo
ciza
rN
EAB
Cal
opla
ca ce
rina
fqLC
AC
alop
laca
citri
nafq
LCAB
AC
alop
laca
cren
ulat
ella
rN
EA
Cal
opla
ca d
ecip
iens
fqLC
AC
AC
alop
laca
flav
orub
escen
sfq
LCA
BC
alop
laca
hol
ocar
pafq
LCA
AC
alop
laca
lacte
afq
LCAB
AC
alop
laca
saxi
cola
fqLC
AA
Cal
opla
ca v
aria
bilis
fqN
EAB
Cal
opla
ca v
itelli
nula
fqN
EB
BC
ande
larie
lla a
urell
afq
LCAB
AC
ande
larie
lla v
itelli
nafq
LCAB
ABB
Can
dela
riella
xan
thos
tigm
afq
LCA
Cat
illar
ia a
phan
ar
NE
BC
atill
aria
ato
mar
ioid
esN
ewN
EB
Cat
illar
ia ch
alyb
eiafq
NE
ABB
Cat
illar
ia le
nticu
laris
rN
EAB
Cet
raria
acu
leata
fqLC
BC
etra
ria er
iceto
rum
fqLC
AC
etra
ria is
land
ica
fqLC
ABC
haen
othe
ca fe
rrug
inea
fqLC
AC
ladi
na a
rbus
cula
fqLC
BC
ladi
na m
itis
fqLC
BC
ladi
na ra
ngife
rina
fqLC
ABC
lado
nia
ceno
tea
fqLC
BC
lado
nia
chlo
roph
aea
fqLC
BC
lado
nia
coni
ocra
eafq
LCB
Cla
doni
a co
rnut
afq
LCB
Cla
doni
a cr
ispat
afq
LCAB
Cla
doni
a di
gita
ta
fqLC
BC
lado
nia
fimbr
iata
fqLC
AC
lado
nia
furc
ata
fq
LCAB
Cla
doni
a ph
yllop
hora
fqLC
BC
lado
nia
pocil
lum
fqN
TAB
54 Folia Cryptog. Estonica
Cla
doni
a py
xida
tafq
LCAB
Cla
doni
a su
bula
tafq
LCB
Cla
doni
a su
lphu
rina
fqLC
BC
lado
nia
sym
phyc
arpi
afq
LCAB
Cla
uzad
ea m
ontic
ola
fqLC
ABA
Clio
stom
um g
riffith
iifq
NE
BCC
olle
ma
fusc
ovire
nsfq
NE
ABA
Col
lema
polyc
arpo
nr
NE
AC
ollem
a te
nax
fqN
EA
ABC
ortic
ifrag
a fu
ckeli
ir
NE
ABD
imer
ella
pine
ti fq
NE
BAB
Dip
losch
istes
mus
coru
mfq
NE
AD
iplo
tom
ma
phar
cidiu
mfq
NE
CB
Elix
ia fl
exell
ar
NE
AEn
doco
ccus
exer
rans
rN
EB
Ever
nia
prun
astri
fqLC
AB
Flav
ocet
raria
niv
alis
fqN
TA
Gra
phis
scrip
tafq
LCB
Gya
lecta
jene
nsis
rN
EC
Gya
lecta
subc
laus
ar
NE
BH
ymen
elia
carn
ulos
ar
NE
ABH
ymen
elia
epul
otica
rN
EAB
Hym
eneli
a he
tero
mor
pha
rN
EAB
Hym
eneli
a rh
odop
isr
NE
AH
ypoc
enom
yce s
cala
ris
fqLC
BH
ypog
ymni
a ph
ysod
esfq
LCAB
BA
Leca
nia
cyrt
ella
fqLC
BAB
BB
Leca
nia
fusce
llar
NE
ALe
cani
a na
egel
iifq
NE
BA
BA
BLe
cano
ra a
lbesc
ens
fqLC
ABA
Leca
nora
carp
inea
fqLC
BA
BB
AB
B
Spec
ies o
f lic
heni
zed
and
liche
nico
lous
fung
i
Frequency in Estonia
Category of red list 2008
Subs
trat
es
trees
wood
stone
s
lichens
soil / plant debris
Acer platanoides
Alnus incana
Betula sp.
Fraxinus excelsior
Juniperus communis
Malus sp.
Pinus sylvestris
Populus tremula
Rosa sp.
Salix caprea
Sorbus aucuparia
Tilia cordata
Ulmus glabra
limestone pebbles
limestone rock
granite pebbles
granite boulders
sandstone pebbles
concrete
55Le
cano
ra ch
laro
tera
fqLC
BA
BLe
cano
ra cr
enul
ata
fqN
EAB
ALe
cano
ra d
isper
safq
LCAB
ALe
cano
ra ex
palle
nsfq
LCB
CAB
BLe
cano
ra h
agen
iifq
LCA
Leca
nora
heli
copi
sfq
LCB
Leca
nora
intri
cata
fqN
EB
Leca
nora
per
prui
nosa
rN
EA
Leca
nora
per
simili
sN
ewN
EB
Leca
nora
pin
iper
dar
NE
ALe
cano
ra p
olyt
ropa
fqLC
BB
Leca
nora
pul
icar
isfq
LCB
AB
Leca
nora
rugo
sella
fqLC
BA
AA
BLe
cano
ra ru
pico
lafq
LCB
ABLe
cano
ra sa
ligna
fqLC
ALe
cano
ra su
bint
ricat
ar
NE
ALe
cano
ra su
lphu
rea
fqLC
BLe
cano
ra sy
mm
icta
fqLC
BB
BB
AAB
BB
Leca
nora
var
iafq
LCB
ALe
cano
ra x
anth
osto
ma
fqN
EAB
Lecid
ea ‘h
ypop
ta’r
NE
ALe
cidea
fusco
atra
fqN
EAB
Lecid
ea la
picid
a va
r. pa
nthe
rina
fqLC
AB
Lecid
ella
carp
athi
car
NE
BLe
cidell
a ela
eoch
rom
afq
LCC
CB
BA
AA
BA
Lecid
ella
euph
orea
fqLC
BA
ALe
cidell
a sca
bra
rN
EB
Lecid
ella
stigm
atea
fqLC
ABB
Lepr
aria
ebur
nea
fqN
EC
Lepr
aria
lobi
fican
sfq
LC
CLe
ptog
ium
gela
tinos
umr
DD
ALe
ptog
ium
imbr
icatu
mr
NE
BLe
ptog
ium
lich
enoi
des
fqLC
AA
ABLe
ptog
ium
schr
ader
ir
VU
ALe
ptog
ium
subt
iler
VU
A Li
chen
ocon
ium
erod
ens
fqN
EB
Mela
nelia
exas
pera
ta
fqLC
BM
elane
lia fu
ligin
osa
fqLC
BA
BM
elane
lia so
redi
ata
fqD
DB
Mela
nelia
suba
urife
rafq
LCA
AA
Mica
rea
deni
grat
afq
NE
BM
icare
a lit
hine
llaN
ewN
EA
56 Folia Cryptog. Estonica
Mica
rea
pras
ina
s. la
t.fq
LCB
Mue
llere
lla li
chen
icola
rN
EAB
Mue
llere
lla p
ygm
aea
rN
EB
Myc
obili
mbi
a m
icroc
arpa
rN
EA
Myc
obili
mbi
a te
tram
era
fqN
EAB
Myc
omicr
othe
lia co
nfus
ar
NE
AN
eofu
scelia
loxo
des
fqLC
BN
eofu
scelia
pul
lafq
LCA
Och
rolec
hia
palle
scens
rN
EB
Ope
grap
ha ca
lcare
aN
ewN
EB
Ope
grap
ha ru
fesce
nsfq
LCBC
Ope
grap
ha ru
pestr
isr
VU
ABO
pegr
apha
var
iafq
LCC
Ope
grap
ha v
ulga
tafq
LCB
Pach
yphi
ale f
agico
lafq
NE
BA
APa
rmeli
a sa
xatil
isfq
LCAB
Parm
elia
sulca
tafq
LCB
CB
ABB
BA
APe
ltige
ra ca
nina
fqLC
AAB
Pelti
gera
did
acty
lafq
LCA
AAB
Pelti
gera
mem
bran
acea
fqLC
BPe
ltige
ra n
ecke
rifq
LCAB
Pelti
gera
pol
ydac
tylo
nfq
LCC
APe
ltige
ra p
raet
exta
tafq
LCA
APe
ltige
ra ru
fesce
nsfq
LCA
AAB
Pert
usar
ia co
ccod
esfq
LCA
Pert
usar
ia le
iopl
aca
fqLC
BA
APh
aeoc
alici
um p
opul
neum
rN
EC
Phae
ophy
scia
cilia
tafq
LCA
Phae
ophy
scia
nigr
icans
fqLC
APh
aeop
hysci
a or
bicu
laris
fqLC
AB
AA
Phlyc
tis a
rgen
afq
LCA
AA
Spec
ies o
f lic
heni
zed
and
liche
nico
lous
fung
i
Frequency in Estonia
Category of red list 2008
Subs
trat
es
trees
wood
stone
s
lichens
soil / plant debris
Acer platanoides
Alnus incana
Betula sp.
Fraxinus excelsior
Juniperus communis
Malus sp.
Pinus sylvestris
Populus tremula
Rosa sp.
Salix caprea
Sorbus aucuparia
Tilia cordata
Ulmus glabra
limestone pebbles
limestone rock
granite pebbles
granite boulders
sandstone pebbles
concrete
57Ph
yscia
ads
cend
ens
fqLC
BAB
AA
BA
Phys
cia a
ipol
iafq
LCA
Phys
cia ca
esia
fqLC
AA
Phys
cia d
ubia
fqLC
APh
yscia
stell
aris
fqLC
BB
BPh
yscia
tene
llafq
LCAB
AA
Phys
coni
a di
stort
a fq
LCB
BAB
BPl
acyn
thiel
la ic
mal
eafq
LCB
BPl
acyn
thiu
m n
igru
mfq
LCC
ABPo
lybla
stia
albi
dar
NE
ABPo
lybla
stia
cupu
laris
rN
EA
Porp
idia
sore
dizo
des
rN
EB
Porp
idia
tube
rcul
osa
rN
EB
BPr
otob
laste
nia
calv
ar
NE
APr
otob
laste
nia
rupe
stris
fqLC
ABC
APr
otop
arm
elia
badi
afq
NE
BPr
otop
arm
eliop
sis m
ural
isfq
LCAB
Pseu
deve
rnia
furfu
race
afq
LCA
Pseu
dosa
gedi
a ch
loro
tica
rN
EB
Ram
alin
a fa
rinac
eafq
LCAB
BAB
ARa
mal
ina
fasti
giat
afq
LCAB
ARa
mal
ina
fraxi
nea
fqLC
ARa
mal
ina
subf
arin
acea
rLC
ARh
izoc
arpo
n di
stinc
tum
fqN
EB
Rhiz
ocar
pon
geog
raph
icum
fqN
EB
Rhiz
ocar
pon
gran
der
NE
BRh
izoc
arpo
n po
lycar
pum
fqN
EAB
BRh
izoc
arpo
n re
ductu
mfq
NE
BRi
nodi
na b
ischo
ffii
fqN
EAB
Rino
dina
conr
adii
rN
EB
Rino
dina
exig
uafq
LCAB
Rino
dina
imm
ersa
fqN
EAB
Rino
dina
pyr
ina
fqLC
ACB
Rino
dina
soph
odes
fqLC
BB
Sarc
ogyn
e priv
igna
rN
EA
Sarc
ogyn
e reg
ular
isfq
NE
BSc
haer
eria
fusco
ciner
eafq
NE
ASc
hism
atom
ma
peric
leum
fqN
EC
Scol
icio
spor
um c
hlor
ococ
cum
fqLC
BB
Scol
icios
poru
m u
mbr
inum
fqN
EB
ABB
Solo
rina
sacc
ata
rN
TC
Spha
erell
othe
cium
pro
pinq
uellu
mfq
NE
B
58 Folia Cryptog. Estonica
Stau
roth
ele ca
esia
rN
EB
Stau
roth
ele fr
ustu
lenta
rN
EC
Stau
roth
ele ru
pifra
gaN
ewN
EAB
Sten
ocyb
e pul
latu
lafq
LCB
Ster
eoca
ulon
tom
ento
sum
fqLC
BSy
zygo
spor
a ph
yscia
cear
umfq
NE
BTe
phro
mela
atra
fqLC
ABB
Theli
dium
dec
ipien
sr
NE
ABTh
elidi
um in
cava
tum
rN
EB
Theli
dium
min
utul
um.
rN
EA
Theli
dium
oliv
aceu
mN
ewN
EA
Theli
dium
pap
ular
eN
ewN
EAB
Trap
eliop
sis fl
exuo
safq
LCB
Trap
eliop
sis g
ranu
losa
fqLC
BU
mbi
licar
ia to
rrefa
ctafq
LCB
Usn
ea h
irta
fqLC
AVe
rruc
aria
calci
seda
fqN
EB
Verr
ucar
ia d
olos
ar
NE
ABVe
rruc
aria
fusce
llar
NE
BVe
rruc
aria
hoc
hste
tteri
New
NE
ABVe
rruc
aria
mac
ulifo
rmis
rR
EB
Verr
ucar
ia m
ural
isfq
LCAB
ABVe
rruc
aria
nig
resce
nsfq
LCAB
CVe
rruc
aria
xylo
xena
rN
EAB
Vulp
icida
pin
astri
fqLC
BB
Xant
hopa
rmeli
a co
nspe
rsafq
LCAB
Xant
hopa
rmeli
a so
mlo
ënsis
fqLC
AXa
ntho
ria ca
ndela
riafq
LCB
Xant
horia
par
ietin
a fq
LCB
ABB
AB
BA
Xant
horia
pol
ycar
pafq
LCB
BB
B
Spec
ies o
f lic
heni
zed
and
liche
nico
lous
fung
i
Frequency in Estonia
Category of red list 2008
Subs
trat
es
trees
wood
stone
s
lichens
soil / plant debris
Acer platanoides
Alnus incana
Betula sp.
Fraxinus excelsior
Juniperus communis
Malus sp.
Pinus sylvestris
Populus tremula
Rosa sp.
Salix caprea
Sorbus aucuparia
Tilia cordata
Ulmus glabra
limestone pebbles
limestone rock
granite pebbles
granite boulders
sandstone pebbles
concrete