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STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Define information technology (IT) and its
two basic categories: Hardware andsoftware
2. Describe the categories of computersbased on size
3. Compare the roles of personal productivity,vertical market, and horizontal marketsoftware
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STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
4. Describe the roles of operating system and
utility software as components of systemsoftware
5. Define the purpose of each of the six major
categories of hardware
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Many Tools of IT
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A QUICK TOUR OF TECHNOLOGY
Hardware the physical devices that make
up a computer (often referred to as thecomputer system)
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Six Categories of Hardware
1. Input device tool that you use to enter
information and commands2. Output device tool you use to hear, see,
or otherwise recognize the results of yourinformation-processing requests
3. Storage device tool you use to storeinformation for use at a later date
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Six Categories of Hardware
4. Central processing unit (CPU) the
hardware that interprets and executessoftware and coordinates all hardware.Random access memory (RAM)temporary holding area for information, aswell as system and application softwareinstructions
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Six Categories of Hardware
5. Telecommunications device tool you
use to send information to and receive itfrom another person or computer in anetwork
6. Connecting hardware any hardware that
lets you connect peripherals to yourcomputer, such as cables, ports, expansionboards, etc.
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Software
The set of instruction that your hardwareexecutes to carry out a specific task for you
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First Major Category of Software
1. Application
softwareenables you tosolve specific
problems orperformspecific tasks
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Examples of Application Software
Personal productivity software helps you
perform personal tasks Writing memos
Creating graphs
Creating slide presentations
Software suite several applicationsbundled together (usually productivitysoftware)
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Examples of Application Software
Web authoring helps you design and
develop Web sites Graphics helps you create and edit photos
and art
Communications helps you communicatewith others
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Classifications of Application Software
Personal Productivity Softwareapplication software for general use
Ms Office, Explorer, Mozilla Firefox Vertical market software application
software for a specific industry Patient-scheduling software
Restaurant management software
Horizontal market software applicationsoftware suitable for use in many industries Payroll, inventory, and billing
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Second Major Category of Software
2. System software- handles tasks specific to
technology management and coordinatesthe interaction of all technology devices
Operating system software controlsapplication software and manages hardware
devices
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Examples of Operating System Software
Microsoft Windows XP Home update of
Office Microsoft Windows XP Pro update ofOffice Pro
Mac OSOperating system for Macs
Linux powerful open-source operatingsystem
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Multitasking
Multitasking
working withmore than oneapplication ata time
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Third Major Category of Software
3. Utility software provides additional
functionality to your operating systemsoftware
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Examples of Utility Software
Anti-virus software detects and removes
or quarantines computer viruses Crash-proof software helps save
information if your system crashes
Uninstaller software removes software
from your hard disk Disk optimization software organizes
information on your hard disk
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Types of Application & SystemSoftware
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Components of Top Software Suites
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Categories of Computers by Size:PDA, Tablet PC, Notebook, Desktop
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Minicomputers, Mainframes, andSupercomputers
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YOUR TASK!
No Personal Mini Main Super
1 CPU Speed
2Storage diskcapacity
3 Person
4 Prices5 Capabilities
6 Uses
7 Manufacturer
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Pre-Computer Calculations
Counting on fingers and toes
Stone or bead abacus
Calculate comes from calculus, the Latin word forstone
1642: first mechanical adding machine
Invented by Blaise Pascal
Wheels moved counters
Modified in 1674 by Von Leibnitz
Age of industrialization
Mechanical loomed used punch cards
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Early Computing
19th Century
Charles Babbage proposed the Analytical Engine,which could calculate, store values in memory,
perform logical comparisons Never built because of lack of electronics
1880s
Holleriths punched cards used to record censusdata using On/Off patterns
The holes turned sensors On or Off when runthrough tabulating machine
This company became the foundation for IBM
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Electronic Computers
1946 - First Generation Computer
ENIAC
Programmable
5000 calculations per second
Used vacuum tubes
Drawbacks were size and processing ability
1950s ENIAC replaced by UNIVAC 1, then the
IBM 704
Calculations jumped to 100,000 per second
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Waves of Computing
Late 1950s - Second Generation
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
200,000 to 250,000 calculations per second
Mid-1960s - Third Generation
Integrated circuitry and miniaturization
1971 - Fourth Generation
Further miniaturization
Multiprogramming and virtual storage
1980s - Fifth Generation
Millions of calculations per second
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Microcomputers
1975
ALTAIR flicking switches
1977 Commodore and Radio Shack produce personalcomputers
1979
Apple computer, the fastest selling PC thus far
1982
IBM introduced the PC, which changed the
market
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Categories of Computer Systems
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Categories of Input Devices
GO TO WEBOPEDIA ANDFIND THE MEANING
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Categories of Output Devices
GO TO WEBOPEDIA ANDFIND THE MEANING
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Important Considerations for Monitors
Viewable image size (VIS) the size of the
image on a monitor Resolution of a screen the number of
pixels it has
Pixels (picture elements) the dots that
make up the image Dot pitch the distance between the centers
of two like-colored pixels
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Important Considerations for Printers
Resolution of a printer the number of dots
per square inch (dpi) it produces Types
Inkjet printer makes images by forcing inkthrough nozzles
Laser printer forms images using the sameelectrostatic process that photocopiers use
Multifunction printer scan, copy, and fax, aswell as print
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Categories of Storage Devices
GO TO WEBOPEDIA ANDFIND THE MEANING
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Common Types of Flash Memory
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CPU and RAM
CPU and RAM work together to form the
brain of your computer CPU speed measured in gigahertz (GHz)
GHz number of billions of CPU cycles persecond
CPU (machine) cycle retrieve, decode, andexecute instruction, then return result to RAM ifnecessary
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CPU Components
CPU components
Control unit directs what happens in the CPU
and the rest of your computer Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and logic operations
CPU cache CPU memory where instructions
wait until theyre needed
CPU clock beats to keep instructions andinformation moving in synchronized fashion
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Microcomputer Circuit Board, also known asa Motherboard
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System Bus
System bus electrical pathways that move
information between motherboardcomponents, especially between CPU andRAM
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CPU and RAM at Work
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CPU and RAM at Work
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Computer System Concept
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CPU and RAM at Work
C i H d O id h
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Connecting Hardware Outside to theHardware Inside
Port place on your system unit, monitor, or
keyboard through which information andinstructions flow to and from computer
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Semiconductor chips integrate memory, logic,and control circuits for entire CPU
Speed depends on number of bits processed atone time; amount of data that can be movedbetween devices; and cycle speed (MHz)
RISC (reduced instruction set computing)increases speed; used for scientific, workstation
computing
Microprocessors
P ll l i
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Multiple CPUs work simultaneously on same
problem
More than one instruction processed at atime
Massively parallel computers: use hundreds,thousands of processing chips
Parallel processing
S i l d ll l i
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Sequential and parallel processing
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Categories of Connectors and Ports
GO TO WEBOPEDIA ANDFIND THE MEANING
C P t d C t
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Common Ports and Connectors
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Wireless Connections
Infrared IR or IrDA (infrared data
association) uses red light to send andreceive information
Bluetooth transmits information as radiowaves for a distance of 30 feet
WiFi (wireless fidelity) or IEEE 802.11a, b,or g transmits information as radio wavesfor a distance of up to 300 feet
Interface Between End Users and
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Interface Between End Users andComputer
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SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. What are the two categories of informationtechnology
2. What are the six categories of hardware?3. What is the difference between application
software and system software?
4. What is the difference between vertical andhorizontal market software?
5. What do the terms bit and byte mean?
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SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS
6. What is the difference between a CRT and a flat-panel display
7. How is the resolution of a printer comparable tothe resolution of a screen?
8. How does a CD differ from a floppy disk?
9. What are three types of flash memory cards?
10. Which wireless standard is used by networks?
Do some comparisons shopping for three types of
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p pp g ypcomputers: Desktops, notebooks, and tablet PCs.Choose three websites that sell computer systems.Choose the most expensive and least expensivecomputer systems you can find for each of thethree types of computers. Create a table for eachof the three types of computers and compare them
based on the following criteria: Type and speed of CPU Type and speed of RAM
Amount of CPU cache
System bus speed Hard disk capacity and speed (revolutions per minute or
rpm)
Number and type of ports
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Case Study 1
Do you agree that Apple will dominate the digital musicmarket for years to come?
Can the technology and business strategies Steve Jobsimplemented with the closed system of the iPod beapplied successfully to the iMac and other Apple closed-system computer products?
Will the cachet of the iPod and the capabilities of BootCamp and the Leopard version of Apples OS X lure
more Windows PC users to the Mac lineup of desktopsand portables?
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Case Study 2
Do some research on the more popular PDAsavailable today. What are the different
operating systems? What different functionality do they offer?
Are they compatible with each other?
Take a guess-which one will come out ontop?