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LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY
Fifth Edition
David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox
© 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company
CHAPTER 18 Amino Acid Oxidation and the
Production of Urea
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Synthesis (nonessential amino acids)
Dietary proteins
Breakdown of tissue proteins
AMINO ACID POOL
Biosynthesis of tissue protein
Biosynthesis of small biomolecules
(purines, pyrimidines, biogenic amines, bile acids, etc.)
Degradation (approx. 1/3)
Degradation (approx. 2/3)
Excess amino acids Synthesis
Oxidative degradation: transamination
TCA intermediates
Acetyl CoA
Ketone bodies Fats
Glucose
CO2
Urea
Renal excretion
LUNGS
LIVER
KIDNEY
ALL BODY TISSUES GUT
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*아미노산의 산화와 요소의 생성
• 동물에서의 amino acid(a.a) 산화조건
① 단백질이 분해되어 생성된 a.a이 새로운 protein합성에 필요치 않을 때
② a.a 과잉일 때 (∵ a.a은 저장×)
③ 당질을 이용할 수 없는 경우(기아 or 당뇨병) or 적절히 이용할 수 없을 때
• a.a 이화경로의 개요
• Urea cycle의 목적: N의 독성제거
• Amino group catabolism
• Protein의 소화
세포 내 protein
식이 protein
a.a
NH4+
Glu
α-ketoglutarate
탄소골격 α-keto acid
a.a, nucleotide, amine 생합성
Carbamoyl phosphate Urea cycle
Urea 95% urine
5% feces
TCA cycle CO2 + H2O + ATP
oxaloacetate glucose
TCA cycle의 Aspartate-Arginosuccinate shunt
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< Overview of amino acid catabolism in mammals >
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< Amino group catabolism >
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< Amino group catabolism >
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< Part of the human digestive(gastrointestinal) tract >
Secretin 분비 → 중화
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• 대사에서의 a.a기
1. Transamination
1) a.a 전달반응
⇒ L-a.a의 NH3+기를 α-ketoglutarate에 전달하여 L-Glutamate 생성
2) PLP(pyridoxal phosphate)
: prosthetic group으로 pyridoxin or vitamin B6의 coenzyme type
① a.a전달효소의 활성자리에서 a.a기의 intermediate의 운반체
② α-carbon에서의 반응: Racemization, Decarboxylation, Transamination
⇒ α-carbon의 분해 → α-carbon에 “자유전자쌍” 존재 → 매우 불안정
→ PLP가 안정화시킴
transaminase α-ketoglutarate + L-a.a L-glutamate + α-keto acid
PLP
donor acceptor
Carboanion
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< Enzyme-catalyzed transaminations >
Transamination
-NH3 전달
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< Pyridoxal phosphate, the prosthetic group of aminotransferases >
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< Pyridoxal phosphate, the prosthetic group of aminotransferases >
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< Some amino acid transformations at the α carbon that are facilitated by pyridoxal phosphate >
Transamination
Racemization
Decarboxylation
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< Reaction catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase >
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< Ammonia transport in the form of glutamine >
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< Glucose-alanine cycle >
( ALT = GPT )
Cori cycle과 협조
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1. 조직장해측정법
: 혈중 중에 있는 각종 효소활성을 측정
① 간장질환 진단: ALT(GPT), AST(GOT)
⇒ 손상된 간세포로부터 혈류 중에 새어 나오므로
혈청 중 농도를 측정 → GPT, GOT검사
② Creatine kinase(CK): 심장 상해 시 최초로 혈중에 나타나는 심장효소
③ Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH): 손상 or 산소 결핍된 심근으로부터 나온다.
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2. 대사에 있어서 amino acid의 역할
1) Glutamate
: 간에서 암모니아를 유리한다.
- Glutamate dehydrogenase (GD)
: isozyme으로서 ADP는 positive modulator, GTP는 negative modulator 임.
2) Glutamine
: 혈중에서 NH4+를 간 or 신장으로 운반한다. (NH4
+의 무독성 운반형)
3) Alanine
: NH4+를 근육에서 간으로 운반한다.
L-glutamate dehydrogenase
α-ketoglutarate + NH4+ Glutamate
NADP NADPH+H+
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3. Glucose-Alanine Cycle
해당 Glucose Pyruvate
Alanine
혈당 혈중 Alanine
Glutamate
← alanine aminotransferase
α-ketogluatarate
NH4+
a.a
근육단백질
① 혼수상태, 뇌 장해 유발 ② 신경전달물질의 고갈에 영향 받음
NH4+의 유독성
Glucose Alanine
Pyruvate
Glucose 신생합성 α-ketogluatarate
← alanine aminotransferase
Glutamate NH4+ urea Urea cycle
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4. 질소배설과 Urea cycle
1) NH4+ 배설에 따른 생물의 구분
① Ammonotelic (NH4+ 배설성): NH4
+ → amino nitrogen ex)수중생물
② Ureotelic (요소배설성): amino nitrogen → urea ex)육상동물
③ Uricotelic (요산배설성): uric acid로 배설 ex)조류, 파충류
2) Urea cycle과 amino기의 도입경로
3) Urea cycle과 TCA cycle의 연결
4) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetaseⅠ
N-acetylglutamate synthase에 의해 acetyl-CoA와 glutamate로부터 합성되는
N-acetylglutamate에 의해 allosteric enzyme 조절을 받아 활성화된다
∴ 2NH4+ + HCO3
- + 3ATP4- + H2O → urea + 2ADP3- + 4Pi2- + AMP2- + 5H+
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< Urea cycle and reactions that feed amino groups into the cycle >
← Orn transcarbamoylase
← Arg-Succinate synthetase
Arginosuccinate lyase →
Arginase →
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< Urea cycle and reactions that feed amino groups into the cycle >
(AST=GOT)
← Orn transcarbamoylase
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< Urea cycle and reactions that feed amino groups into the cycle >
← Arg-Succinate synthetase
Arginase →
Arginosuccinate lyase →
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< Links between the urea cycle and citric acid cycle >
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< Synthesis of N-acetylglutamate and its activation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I >
고단백 섭취 시, 단식 시 증가
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< N-acetyl-Glu synthase 결핍 시 치료제 >
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< Nonessential and Essential Amino Acids for Humans and the Albino Rat >
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< Treatment for deficiencies in urea cycle enzymes >
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< Summary of amino acid catabolism >
Ketogenic
*Gluco/Ketogenic : Phe, Trp, Tyr, Ile, Thr
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< Some enzyme cofactors important in one-carbon transfer reactions >
Vit B12
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7. Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) A source of adenosylcobalamine, which is a cofactor of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. This enzyme is involved in the exchange of the group –Co-S-CoA at C-2 of propionate with hydrogen atom at C-3, producing succinyl-CoA from L-methylmalonyl-CoA. Regulation of odd-number fatty acid and maturation factor of erythrocytes Pernicious anemia (악성빈혈) and secretion of methylmalonic acid in urea
Metabolism of odd-chain fatty acid
Methionine synthesis
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
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< Conversions of one-carbon units on tetrahydrofolate >
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< Synthesis of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine in an activated-methyl cycle >
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Catabolic pathways for alanine, glycine, serine, cysteine, tryptophan, and threonine
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Interplay of the pyridoxal phosphate and tetrahydrofolate cofactors in serine and glycine metabolism
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Catabolic pathways for tryptophan, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, and isoleucine
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Tryptophan as precursor
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Catabolic pathways for phenylalanine and tyrosine
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Role of tetrahydrobiopterin in the phenylalanine hydroxylase reaction
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Alternative pathways for catabolism of phenylalanine in phenylketonuria
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Catabolic pathways for arginine, histidine, glutamate, glutamine, and proline
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Catabolic pathways for methionine, isoleucine, threonine, and valine
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Catabolic pathways for the three branchedchain amino acids: valine, isoleucine, and leucine
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Catabolic pathway for asparagine and aspartate
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