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Smart Structures
• Smart Structure Applications• Emerging Themes• Smart Structure Sub-systems• Application Examples
— Space Antennas— SHAPECONS— Deformable Mirror
• Conclusions
Smart Structure Applications
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures
System Component Schematic
Sensor Technology Limited
V=Volt
Forces
Forces
U(controls)
Y(outputs)
Performanceanalysis
Z(measurements)
Structure
Controller
Disturbance ActuatorSensor
+
+
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Smart Structures
• Aerospace— Damage detection— Vibration control— Shape control— Adaptive structures
• Defence— Firing accuracy of weapons— Vibration and noise reduction in submarines— Adaptive wings for aircraft and missiles
Smart Structure Applications
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures
• Automotive— Passenger comfort (noise control in cabin)— Vibration control (active engine mounts)— Health monitoring (smart sensors)
• Industrial— manufacturing (machine tool chatter control)— Air conditioning and ventilation (noise control)— Mining machinery (vibration control)
Smart Structure Applications
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures
• Medical— Smart sensors (tele-medicine)— Micro robotics— Surgical tools
• Civil— Bridges— Earthquake protection
Smart Structure Applications
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures
Emerging Themes
Sensor Technology Limited
• The emerging themes are:
— Active Vibration Control (AVC)— Active Noise Control (ANC)— Active Shape Control (ASC)— Active Health Monitoring (AHM)
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Smart Structures
Technology Development
Sensor Technology Limited
Based on the emerging themes for smart structure researchthe work at Sensor Technology Limited has been focused onthree smart structure sub-systems (modules).
• Smart Strut Member• Smart Structural Panel• Smart Control System
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Smart Structures
Smart Structure Sub-systems
Sensor Technology Limited
• Smart Strut Member— It will be used in applications involving load-bearing
applications and will replace standard struts. TheSmart Structure Member will consist of an actuatorand motion and acceleration sensors integrated intoa single strut structure. Typical applications includeactive shape and vibration control and pointingaccuracy control applications such as antennas.
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Smart Structures
Smart Structure Sub-systems
Sensor Technology Limited
• Smart Structural Panel— Smart Structural Panels will be used in lightweight and
low-force applications. It will consist of typically acarbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) panel elementwith embedded actuators and strain and temperaturesensors. Applications for Smart Structural Panelsinclude fibre optic instruments and vibration andsurface-shape control applications such as antennasand deformable mirrors.
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Smart Structures
Smart Structure Sub-systems
Sensor Technology Limited
• Smart Control System— Smart Control Systems will provide feedback control
for the above sub-systems. Low-cost, configurablecontrol systems with special interfaces for the SmartStrut and Smart Panel will be required.
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Smart Structures
Smart Strut Member Component Selection
Sensor Technology Limited
The actuators considered for possible incorporation into theSmart Strut Member include:
• Shape memory alloys• Magnetostrictive materials• Piezoelectric materials (includes electrostrictivematerials).
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Smart Structures
Smart Strut Member Component Selection
Sensor Technology Limited
The sensors considered for possible incorporation into theSmart Strut Member include:
• Potentiometers• Linear voltage differential transformers• Accelerometers
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Smart Structures: Smart Strut Member
SSM Features
Sensor Technology Limited
The Smart Strut Member (SSM) was designed to replace some of the conventional strut members that are components of current passive support structures, with the goal of providing a degree of active control in critical truss systems. The SSM has the ability
to vary its length depending on the requirements ofthe truss structure.
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Smart Structures: Smart Strut Member
SSM Features
Sensor Technology Limited
The SSM consists of a cylindrical structuralhousing with an actuator and a positionsensor, with the related sensor drive andsignal conditioning electronics. A piezoelectricstack generates the necessary forces andmovements in order to displace large loads. Alinear displacement sensor will measure thelength of the stack actuator in order toprovide positional feedback to an activecontrol system. An optional accelerometercan also be integrated into the SSM.
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Smart Structures: Smart Strut Member
SSM Features
Sensor Technology Limited
The output of the sensor can be configured fordifferent data acquisition systems. Because of themodular nature of the SSM design, the actuatorand sensor components can be replaced forapplication-specific properties.
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Smart Structures: Smart Strut Member
Smart Strut Member (SSM)
Sensor Technology Limited
LVDTLVDT PIEZOPIEZOSTACKSTACK
PISTONPISTON
SSM Cutaway DrawingSSM Cutaway Drawing
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Features:• High stiffness• Wide area actuators• Mechanical pre-load
Applications:• Heavy load positioning and
handling• Smart structure research• Dynamic loading• Instrumentation• Robotics• Civil engineering
Smart Structures: Smart Strut Member
SSM Specifications
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures: Smart Strut Member
Smart Strut Member Specifications
Sensor Technology Limited
• PERFORMANCE:• Displacement (mm) ±40• Maximum pull force (N) 1,000• Maximum push force (N) 10,000• Hysteresis 8-12%• Position Resolution (nm) ±50• Stiffness (N/mm ±10%) 2,000• Capacitance (nF) 250• Resonance frequency (kHz) 5.0
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Smart Structures: Smart Strut Member
Smart Strut Member Specifications
Sensor Technology Limited
MECHANICAL:• Length (mm) 230• Width (mm) 38• Housing stainless steel• End caps thread-mount (1/4”- 20 tapped)• Weight (g) 1,186.5
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Smart Structures: Smart Strut Member
Smart Strut Member Specifications
Sensor Technology Limited
ELECTRICAL:• Voltage (V max) ±300• Connector 9-pin D-SUB
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Smart Structures: Smart Strut Member
Smart Strut Member Hysteresis
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures
Smart Structural Panel
Sensor Technology Limited
The Smart Structural Panel will be used in lightweight andlow-force applications.
The Smart Structural Panel will consist of the following:• Reinforced plastic (CRFP) panel element• Embedded piezoelectric actuators• Embedded strain and temperature sensors
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Smart Structures
Smart Structural Panel Component Selection
Sensor Technology Limited
The actuators considered for possible incorporation into theSmart Structural Panel include:
• Shape memory alloys• Magnetostrictive materials• Piezoelectric materials (includes electrostrictivematerials)
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Smart Structures
Smart Structural Panel Component Selection
Sensor Technology Limited
The sensors considered for possible incorporation into theSmart Structural Panel include:
• Strain gauges• Optical fibres• Piezoelectric sensors•Thermistors•Thermocouples
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Consists of two ceramic elements formed into a flexure modeelement, which generates a controlled amount of actuatordisplacement and force. When a voltage is applied to the ASP, oneelement expands while the other contracts, thus providing abending motion and force. These actuators are provided with abase for cantilever operation and two electrical pins forconnection to external circuitry.
Smart Structures: Smart Structural Panel
SSP Features
Sensor Technology Limited
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Typical applications includeactive control of vibration andnoise, modal analysis ofstructures, smart structureresearch, and other applicationsrequiring small and efficientsensors and actuators.
Smart Structures: Smart Structural Panel
SSP Features
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures: Smart Structural Panel
SSP Specifications
Sensor Technology Limited
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS:Type of actuator: Flexure mode element
Hysteresis (%) 8Deflection (mm) ±1,500Bandwidth (Hz) 30Effective moment (N) 3Electrical connection two pins standard,
three pins for strain gauge
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Smart Structures: Smart Structural Panel
SSP Specifications
Sensor Technology Limited
PIEZOELECTRIC SPECIFICATIONS:Maximum voltage (V) ± 200Temperature range (°C ) -60 to +60
MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS :Length (mm) 86.5Width (mm) 72.5Thickness (mm) 0.54
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Smart Structures: Smart Structural Panel
Smart Structural Panel
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures: Smart Structural Panel
SSP Specifications
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures: Smart Structural Panel
SSP Specifications
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures: Smart Structural Panel
SSP Specifications
Sensor Technology Limited
Features:— Large displacement— Moderate force capability— Low power consumption— Flexible design
Applications:— Control elements— Smart structure research— Robotics— Fibre-optic instrumentation
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Smart Structures
Smart Control System
Sensor Technology Limited
• The Smart Control System will provide feedback controlfor the Smart Strut and Smart Panel sub-systems
• The SCS will also include the interfaces necessary for theoperation of the sub-system modules like SSM and SSP.
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Smart Structures
Smart Control System
Sensor Technology Limited
• The SCS will consist of the following:— Analogue-to-digital and digital-to-analogue converters— Input signal amplification and filtering— Control algorithm— Digital signal processor (DSP)— Output power supply
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Smart Structures - Smart Control System
SCS Features
Sensor Technology Limited
The output channels interface to external High-Voltage Power Amplifiermodules. The interface allows the amplifier module to be used as two individualground-referenced amplifiers or as a single bridge mode amplifier. The SCSshould also accept drive voltage feedback to the controller.
External inputs can come from several sources. Typically, one or two sensorsare used to monitor the controlled device (such as a piezoelectric actuator).The parameter monitored is sensed by a transducer, a device that convertsthe parameter being monitored into an electrical signal. The transducer outputis then conditioned, through amplifiers and filters, before being input to one ofthe channels on the SCS.
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Smart Structures - Smart Control System
SCS Single Channel Overview
Sensor Technology Limited
USER SCS S/W SCS H/W ASP
A0
A1
A2
ControlParameter
HVPSSlope
FeedbackGain
ControlParameter
Select
PIDParameter
SlopeParameter
DACResponse
HVPSResponse
ActuatorResponse
ExternalDisturbance
Sensor 1Response
Sensor 2Response
Sensor 2Lowpass
Filter
Sensor 1Lowpass
Filter
HVPSFeedbackResponse
ADCResponse
ADCResponse
ADCResponse
ControlParameter
SelectX
3
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The SCS is a six-channel, microprocessor-based High Voltage Controller. Itconsists of a serial interface, a digital signal processor (DSP), six (6)controlled interfaces, and an 18-channel data acquisition system (DAS). Sixof the DAS channels are used to monitor the high-voltage power amplifier(HVPA) outputs. The other 12 are available for use with external inputs. Theunit is powered by an external 12-volt DC source. (28V for Aircraft operation)
Smart Structures - Smart Control System
Six-Channel DSP-Based High Voltage Controller
Sensor Technology Limited
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The SCS is controlled by a host computer through an RS-232 or RS-485 serial interface. The interface is used to set up the controller, toset the output voltages, and to read the input signal levels. A closed-loop digital control system ensures that the output voltage ismaintained at the preset value. Up to 31 devices can beaccommodated on the RS-485 serial bus.
Smart Structures - Smart Control System
SCS Features
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures - Smart Control System
SCS Features
Sensor Technology Limited
Applications:Piezo servomechanism controlSmart structure researchHV component characterizationInstrumentation
Features:Interfaces to high-voltage amplifiersSix output channelsTwo analogue input channelsBuilt-in data acquisition systemRS-232/485 serial interfaceUp to 31 modules on serial busPID control function built in
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Smart Structures - Smart Control System
Smart Control System (SCS) - Functional Schematic
Sensor Technology Limited
High VoltagePowerSupply
HVPAMODULE
SCS CPUMODULE
Low VoltagePowerSupply
(12 V DC)
HOSTCOMPUTER
Out
Out
Out
Input
Input
Input
Power
Power
Power
Ch 1OutCh 2Out
Ch 3Out
Ch 4Out
Ch 5Out
Ch 6Out
HostI/F
DCPower
HVIn
HVOut
SensorI/P
RS-485Half
Duplex
Ser
ial B
us
Powe
r Bu
s
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
911 12
10
Actuator/Sensor
Assembly
Actuator/Sensor
Assembly
Actuator/Sensor
Assembly
Actuator/Sensor
Assembly
Actuator/Sensor
Assembly
Actuator/Sensor
Assembly1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
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Smart Structures - Smart Control System
SS10 Four Channel Programmable Controller
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures
• Antennas— lightweight and deployable antennas required
— sufficient aperture area and accuracy required in order toaccomplish mission goals
— communication antenna and reflector performance requirephased arrays for wide parabolic dishes which can maintaintheir shape to a high degree of accuracy
Typical Applications for Space Technology
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures
Antenna requirements
Sensor Technology Limited
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Smart Structures
Space Environment Effects
Sensor Technology Limited
• Vacuum— Solar UV degradation, contamination
Neutral
— Mechanical effects• Aerodynamic drag, physical sputtering
— Chemical effects• Atomic oxygen attack, spacecraft glow
• Micrometeorid/Orbital debris— Hypervelocity impacts
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Smart Structures
Space Environment Effects
Sensor Technology Limited
• Plasma— Spacecraft charging
• Shift in ground potential
— Electrostatic discharging• Dielectric breakdown• Gaseous arc discharge
— Enhanced sputtering• re-attraction of contamination
• Radiation— Total dose effects
• Solar cell degradation• Sensor degradation• Electronics degradation
— Single event effects• Upsets, latchup, etc.
![Page 48: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Smart Structures
Thermal Cycling in a Space Antenna
Sensor Technology Limited
Earth’s shadow
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SHAPECONS
Definition
Sensor Technology Limited
SHAPECONS: Spatial High Accuracy Position Encodingand Control System
SHAPECONS is a Smart Structure demonstration system thatemulates a large parabolic reflector. The system incorporatessmart structure components that were developed for the CanadianSpace Agency under a research program.
![Page 50: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
SHAPECONS
System Overview
Sensor Technology Limited
![Page 51: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
SHAPECONS
Smart Structure Integration
Sensor Technology Limited
![Page 52: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
SHAPECONS
SHAPECONS System
Sensor Technology Limited
SSM
SCS
Lasers
SSP
![Page 53: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Smart Structures: Smart Strut Member
Smart Strut Member (SSM)
Sensor Technology Limited
LVDTLVDT PIEZOPIEZOSTACKSTACK
PISTONPISTON
SSM Cutaway DrawingSSM Cutaway Drawing
![Page 54: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Smart Structures
Smart Structural Panel
Sensor Technology Limited
Straingauge
Actuator
Core
Facesheets
120
35
15
2
20
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SHAPECONS
Mirror Control Unit (MCU)
Sensor Technology Limited
OverheadOverhead
![Page 56: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
SHAPECONS
Mirror Control Unit (MCU)
Sensor Technology Limited
Cross-sectionCross-section
![Page 57: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Smart Structures
Functional Flow Diagram
Sensor Technology Limited
Mission-specificinputs
•Data inputs from sensors•Thermal gradients•Gravity gradients•Aerodynamic drag
•Database of expected accuracy•Antenna geometry
•Establish current system status•Magnitude of deformation•Magnitudes of loads and torques required
Comparestatus
•Decide if thesystem needscorrection•Reconfigure•Poweractuators
![Page 58: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Smart Structures
Functional Flow Diagram
Sensor Technology Limited
Computer
Arrayprocessor
Digitalsignalprocessing
Experimentalcontrol
Analysis
Interfaceelectronics
Operations &calibrations
Sensors
Actuatorcommands
Dataacquisition Actuator
commands
Gain control
![Page 59: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
SHAPECONS
SHAPECONS Block Diagram
Sensor Technology Limited
![Page 60: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
SHAPECONS
STEAR Tracking
Sensor Technology Limited
![Page 61: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
SHAPECONS
SCSCom Screen
Sensor Technology Limited
![Page 62: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
App lication II: Adaptive Truss
SENSOR
ACTUATOR
Demonstrator
![Page 63: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Space Station Test article
ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES
![Page 64: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Active Longeron
Act ive Longer on :-P Z T s ens o r a nd a ct ua t or s t a ck.
App lica t ion :-S ha pe a nd vib r a t ion cont r o l,-No is e r ed uct ion.
ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES
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Smart Structures
Deformable Mirror
Sensor Technology Limited
Multi-lineLaser Source
Canadian Space Agency &
Sensor Technology Limited, 199
8
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Smart Structures
Deformable Mirror
Sensor Technology Limited
Canadian Space Agency &
Sensor Technology Limited, 199
8.
![Page 67: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Smart Structures
Deformable Mirror
Sensor Technology Limited
Multi-lineLaser Source
![Page 68: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Smart Structures
Inch Worm Actuator
Sensor Technology Limited
��������������
������
������
��������
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Piezoelectric Stack•Actuation Force
•SizeBrake Pads•Actuation Sequence
•Friction Parameters
•Contact Dynamics
Moment Arm•Size
•Material
•Geometry
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Smart Structures
Inch Worm Actuator
Sensor Technology Limited
•Size
Dr. A. Suleman, University of Victoria, January 2002
![Page 70: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Smart Structures
Inch Worm Actuator
Sensor Technology Limited
•Size
LVDT
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250Voltage (V)
Disp
lace
men
t (m
icro
ns)
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Voltage (V)Di
spl
acem
ent
(mic
rons
)
Gain = 7.5
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Smart Structures
Inch Worm Actuator
Sensor Technology Limited
•Size
Dr. A. Suleman, University of Victoria, January 2002
![Page 72: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Smart Structures
Inch Worm Actuator Firing Sequence
Sensor Technology Limited
•Size
Dr. A. Suleman, University of Victoria, January 2002
![Page 73: Lecture 4 Applications of Smart Structuresyyaman/avt086/Prasad/Eswar_Prasad_4.pdf · Smart Structures Smart Structure Sub-systems Sensor Technology Limited • Smart Strut Member](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042108/5e87ef0ee03cbb77353b1291/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Smart Structures
Inch Worm Actuator
Sensor Technology Limited
•Size
-2.5-2
-1.5-1
-0.50
0.51
1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (min)
Disp
lace
men
t (m
m)
0.28 mm/min
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Smart Structures
Conclusions
Sensor Technology Limited
• Smart Structure applications have been reviewed• Some emerging themes in smart structure research are
presented.• Three generic sub-systems are described.• Application examples are presented.