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Nouns and Noun Phrases
Lecture 2.1
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What are nouns?A noun is a lexical category (pos) whose
members:
Have two inflecEonal markings: one for numberand one forpossession
UElize certain characterisEc deriva'onalaffixes (er, ment, ion)
Name a person, place, thing or idea
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What is numberand how is it
indicated?Singular Plural Illustra.on
No special marking (1) Suffix s or es CatCats BoxBoxes
(2) Change vowel sound of
root
FootFeet ManMen
(3) No change [zeroing] DeerDeer FishFish
(4) Affixing with n ChildChildren OxOxen
(5) Foreign [LaEn, Greek] AlumnusAlumni
FormulaFormulae
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Discussion
The plural offish is historicallyfish, yet theregularized pluralfishes has come into usage
in recent Emes. Some people assign differentmeanings to the two plural forms. What might
be the two meanings?
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What indicates possession?
Irregular Nouns
Mens Mans Childs Childrens Charless
Regular Nouns
boys cats judges Smiths boys
The addiEon of the suffix S, separated from the noun root in wriEng with an apostrophe.
Unlike the plural, the possessive form of nouns is completely regular.
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Common Subcategories of Nouns
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Common Subclasses of Nouns
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Common Subclasses of Nouns
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Count nouns Sample Mass/Noncount
nouns
Sample
Have plural beans Have no plural rices
May not stand alone
in singular
Bean is good for you May stand alone in
singular
Rice is good for you
Can occur with a/an A bean Cannot occur with a/
an
A rice
QuanEEes: more
fewer
(too) many beans
(too) few beans
More beans
Fewer beans
QuanEEes: moreless (too) much rice
(too) lile rice
More rice
Less rice
Common Subclasses of Nouns
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Noun Phrases
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What makes up a noun phrase?
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Noun Phrase Formula
Predeterminer Determiner
Post
determiner NounNoun
Phrase
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DeterminersAr.cles Definite: The
Indefinite: a, an
Plural: some
Demonstra.ves [cross
referencing rule: number in
pronoun must agree with
that of the noun
Close to the speaker: this,
these
At some distance from the
speaker: that, those
Possessive pronouns Singular: my, your, his, her, its Plural: our, your, their
Possessive noun phrase [any noun singular or pluralinflected for possession]
Quan..es Many, several, few, any, some,
no, two [with count nouns]
Enough, li@le, much, any,
some, no [with mass count
nouns]
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Predeterminers
Words:
all, half, both
These may be followed by the preposi'on of
Whatandsuch are also considered
predeterminers, but their use is restricted tothe indefinite ar'cle determiner.
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Postdeterminer
Cardinal numbers (one, two, three)
Ordinal numbers (first, second, third)
Indefinite quanEEes (several, many, few).
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Noun Phrase Formula
Predeterminer Determiner
Post
determiner NounNoun
Phrase
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Review
Noun Phrases Example
Determiner + Noun The ground is wet.
Determiner + Predeterminer + Noun She is such a liar.
Determiner + Postdeterminer + Noun Her many friends came to the party.
Predeterminer + Determiner +
Postdeterminer+ Noun
All Johns many relaEves live in that house.
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Roles of Noun Phrases
Nouns
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Most Common Roles
Subject
Direct
Object
IndirectObject
Object of thePreposiEon
Complement
Our goal for this secEon isto learn to idenEfy.
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Oen, when we refer to the subject noun phrase of a
sentence, we oen mean the doer of the acEon.(1) Mary le early.
The dog jumped over the fence.
My children caught the balloons.
SomeEmes the doer of the acEon might not be the subject:
(2) The house was built by the contractor.
The exam was graded by the professor.
SomeEmes there is no doer expressed at all:(3) This old house is a mess.
My many aempts at learning to play chess all failed.
The doctors bill was astounding.
Subject: Tricky at Emes
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Tip!
A more reliable way for us to idenEfy the subject
noun phrase of a sentence is by its locaEon.
It is almost always the first noun phrase in the
sentence and the one that immediately
precedes the verb.
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Note:
All formal standard nglish sentences must
have a subject, grammaEcally speaking, i.e.
except in commands, there must be a noun
phrase preceding the verb.
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dummy, placeholder, or
expleEve?A word like itin it is raining
A word like there in there are six books on the floor
An exple.ve fills the place of the subject althoughit may not be the subject
Itis the subject ofis raining
Six books is the subject ofare.
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Quick xercise
The playful child frightened the pony.
My cat is in the cupboard.
Mrs. Smith just le.The telephone in the living room is portable.
A small bird flew into the chimney.
His computer is obsolete.Both her parents aended her wedding.
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Direct Object
Oen thought of as the receiver of the acEon (does notalways work).
(1) The girl hit the ball.The clown entertained his children.
The receive of the acEon might not be the direct object
It usually comes immediately aer the verb.(3) The pitcher threw the ball.
The ball was thrown by the pitcher. (passive)
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Indirect Object
Almost always refer to the people who are, in
some way, indirectly affected by the acEon.
(1)Jimmy gave an apple to the teacher.(s) (d.o.) (i.o.)
** Indirect objects are oen preceded by the
word to, or the word for
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Indirect Object Inversion
Test for idenEfying the indirect object.
It is possible to rearrange sentences by droppingthe word to orforand moving the direct object to
the posiEon immediately aer the verb.
Jimmy gave an apple to the teacher.
Jimmy gave the teacher an apple.
Meaning has not changed nor the rela'onshipsamong the noun phrases.
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Quick ApplicaEon
Keith gave Mary a present for her birthday.
The professor taught those students inlinguisEcs.
Jack read this book to Mildred.
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Object of a PreposiEon
PreposiEons, indicaEng locaEon, direcEon,
accompaniment, and purpose, are words that
indicate the relaEonship of the following noun
phrase to the rest of the sentence.
PreposiEons link with a following noun phrase
to form a consEtuent called a preposi.onalphrase
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Object of a PreposiEon
All the phrases in the example phrases arepreposiEonal phrases, and the underlined nounphrases are objects of preposiEons.
in the barn (locaEon)towards the fire (direcEon)
with an escort (accompaniment)
for a good reason (purpose)
*inversion???
Al studied algebra for a reason.
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Complements
A complement is a noun phrase that describes anothernoun phrase to the rest of the sentence.
Jane saw the president.
(d.o.)
Jane was the president.
(subject complement)
They considered the child a geniusShe declared her brother a liar
(direct object complement)
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Verbal Noun
Verbal nouns may not be recognized as nouns
at first because their meanings tend to be
acEons rather than things. These words are
built from verbs, but they exhibit many of the
properEes of nouns.
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Two kinds of verbals:
Gerunds: ing laughing, coughing, playing
What makes them nouns?
They can be heads of noun phrases with many ofthe usual modifiers that occur with nouns.
His laughing annoyed her.All that coughing is disturbing the musicians
The childs crying made me nervous.
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Two kinds of verbals:
Infini.ves
These are verbs with the word to in front ofthem: to talk, to love, to run
When they are heads of noun phrases they are
called infini.val phrases
To give up now would be foolish (subject)
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Next Eme..
We will discuss what these players in the
sentence are doing or what is being said about
them.
VRBS AND VRBS PHRASS