Download - Lecture 15
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Lecture 15: Ecosystems
Covers Chapters 28 & 29
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Ecosystem
• All of the living and non-living components of a defined geographic area*
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Ecosystem Function
• Two basic laws*:
• Energy moves through ecosystems in a continuous one-way flow– Energy is constantly replenished because it is
converted to heat that radiates up into space
• Nutrients constantly cycle and recycle within and among ecosystems– Nutrients can change form, but remain on Earth
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Flow of ENERGY
• Energy enters communities mostly through photosynthesis
• Plants use sunlight and inorganic nutrients it takes from the abiotic (non-living) environment to make ATP and glucose, can also make proteins, fats & nucleic acids
• Byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen
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O2
CO2
H2O
sugar
plant tissues
othernutrients
energy from sunlight
photosynthesis
Fig. 28-1
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Energy passed from one trophic level to another in an ecosystem*• Producers: autotrophs (self-feeding organisms)
make their own food (photosynthesis)• Consumers: heterotrophs (other-feeding
organisms) get energy and nutrients from producers and other organisms
• Energy is lost as it passes from one level to another, so plants actually dominate most ecosystems because they have the most energy available to them!
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But how much energy is there in an ecosystem?
• Net Primary Production: The energy that photosynthetic organisms (producers) store and make available to other members of the community
• NPP will determine the amount of life that can be supported in the community
• NPP influenced by*:
– Nutrients available
– Amount of sunlight
– Amount of water
– Temperature
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Transition
• Now we discuss the “players” in the ecosystem and how they use energy/nutrients
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How do nutrients/energy flow through an ecosystem? Producers/Consumers/Decomposers: overview*
• Producers: plants
• Primary consumers: feed directly ON PRODUCERS
– Herbivores: animals that eat plants only
– Called primary consumers
• Secondary consumers: prey ON PRIMARY CONSUMERS
– Carnivores: animals that eat other animals
– There can be tertiary, quaternary consumers, etc
• Detritus feeders: live on dead organic matter (dead organisms, fallen leaves/fruit, and waste-POOP!)
– Extract energy from the matter and excrete it in small pieces
• Decomposers: digest food outside of their bodies by secreting enzymes
– Feed on the excreted matter from detritus feeders
– Recycle the nutrients into the soil
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Energy Flow, Nutrient Cycling, and Feeding Relationships
Fig. 28-2
solar energy
heat
heat
heat
heat
nutrients
heat energyenergy stored inchemical bonds
detritus feedersand decomposers
primaryconsumers
higher-levelconsumers
producers
energy fromsunlight
nutrients
OSPN
Mg HCa
H2O
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Feeding relationships within ecosystems
• Food Chain: linear feeding relationship – one representative at each trophic level (A SINGLE PATH SHOWING ONE ANIMAL EATING THE NEXT)
• Food Web: each food chain is part of the web (SHOWS MULTIPLE CHAINS AND HOW THEY INTERACT)
• Each ecosystem has a different food chain/web
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Food Chains on Land
Fig. 28-4a(a) A simple terrestrial food chain
tertiary consumer(4th trophic level)
producer(1st trophic level)
primary consumer(2nd trophic level)
secondary consumer(3rd trophic level)
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Food Chains in the Sea
Fig. 28-4b(b) A simple marine food chain
quaternary consumer(5th trophic level)
tertiary consumer(4th trophic level)
producer(1st trophic level)
primary consumer(2nd trophic level)
zooplanktonphytoplankton
secondary consumer(3rd trophic level)
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Chain vs Web
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Food Web
Fig. 28-5
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Flow of NUTRIENTS
• *Macronutrients: required by organisms in LARGE AMOUNTS
– Water
– Carbon
– Hydrogen
– Oxygen
– Nitrogen
• Micronutrients: required in SMALL AMOUNTS
– Zinc and other elements
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Nutrient Cycles
• Describe pathways that nutrients follow between communities and the non-living portion of the ecosystem– Reservoirs: sources of and storage sites for
nutrients
• Hydrologic Cycle
• Carbon Cycle
• Nitrogen Cycle
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• Please know how each nutrient ENTERS the cycle
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Hydrologic Cycle• Pathway that water takes as it travels from its major reservoir (the
ocean – but lakes and rivers are also reservoirs) through the atmosphere*
• Impt because many nutrients must be dissolved in water before they can be used
– Solar energy evaporates water in ocean, lakes, rivers and it becomes precipitation*
– Precipitation hits the Earth
• Some evaporates back to atmosphere
• Some enters underground aquifers (silt, sand, gravel that is saturated with water)
• Plants absorb water, then it evaporates out through their leaves
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evaporationfrom land andtranspirationfrom plants
reservoirsprocesses
water vapor inthe atmosphere
precipitationover land
extraction foragriculture
groundwater,includingaquifers
evaporation fromlakes and rivers
evaporationfrom the
ocean
precipitationover the ocean
runofffrom riversand land water in
the ocean
lakes and rivers
seepage into soil
The Hydrologic Cycle
Fig. 28-7
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Carbon Cycle
• Movement of carbon from its major short-term reservoirs, through producers, into the bodies of consumers, detritus feeders, decomposers, and then back to its reservoirs*
• Recall that carbon is one of the building blocks of all organic molecules
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Carbon Cycle– Enters communities through capture of CO2 during
photosynthesis*
– Primary consumers eat producers and acquire carbon stored in their tissues
– Consumers release CO2 as they breathe, excrete carbon in feces, and store some carbon (as sugars, etc.)
– Higher level consumers in turn get carbon from eating the bodies of lower level consumers OR bodies of dead organisms broken down by detritus feeders and decomposers
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Fossil Fuels: byproduct of Carbon Cycle
• Much of the Earth’s carbon is bound in limestone rock, formed from calcium carbonate deposited on ocean floor in the shells of prehistoric phytoplankton
• Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are formed from the remains of buried prehistoric organisms– Burning fossil fuel releases carbon into the
atmosphere as CO2
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The Carbon Cycle
Fig. 28-8
reservoirs
processes
trophic levels
fire
consumers
respiration
CO2 in theatmosphere
CO2 dissolvedin the ocean
detritus feedersand decomposers
photosynthesis
producers
burningfossil fuels
fossil fuels(coal, oil, natural gas)decomposition
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Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen is a crucial component of proteins, vitamins and nucleic acids
• Our atmosphere is 78% nitrogen• Nitrogen moves from gas in atmosphere to
reservoirs of ammonia and nitrate in the soil and water
• It moves through producers and into consumers and detritus feeders, then returns to the atmosphere*
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Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen gas is converted to nitrate by a process called nitrogen fixation*: Bacteria in water and soil do this
• Then plants can use it• Consumers eat plants, then can utilize the nitrogen• Different bacteria can break down the nitrate
released in consumer’s feces and turn it back into nitrogen gas
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reservoirs
processes
trophic levels
N2 in theatmosphere
ammonia andnitrates in water
decomposition
burningfossil fuels
uptake byproducers
application ofmanufactured fertilizer
consumers producers
denitrifyingbacteria
detritus feedersand decomposers
lightning
nitrogen-fixingbacteria in soil
and legume roots
ammoniaand nitrates
in soil
Fig. 28-9
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Humans Disrupt Nutrient Cycles
• Fertilizer for plants is made from nitrogen gas and fossil fuels…..this is EXTRA nitrogen that is now dominating the nitrogen cycle.
• Water dissolves and carries away large quantities of nitrogen which drain into lakes and rivers and OVERSTIMULATES growth of phytoplankton
• Phytoplankton die and decomposing bacteria use up a LOT of oxygen to process the nitrogen
• Other aquatic animals die because of lack of oxygen
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Humans Disrupt Nutrient Cycles
• Human activities release 10 billion tons of carbon (in the form of CO2) into the atmosphere– Burning fossil fuel– Deforestation reduces the amount of CO2 that
trees can process-leaving more CO2 in atmosphere
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Global Warming due to greenhouse gases
• CO2 and nitrous oxide are two gases that are increasing in the atmosphere due to human disruption of carbon and nitrogen cycles
• These gases are trapped in atmosphere• Sunlight hitting the earth cannot bounce back to
atmosphere because gases are trapping the heat.• Result is rising Earth and water
temps….GLOBAL WARMING
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Sunlight energyenters the atmosphere1
Most heat is radiatedback into space
Some energyis reflected backinto space
2
Some atmospheric heat isretained by greenhouse gases6
Most sunlight strikesEarth’s surface and isconverted into heat
3 Heat isradiated back intothe atmosphere
4
Sun
5
volcanoesforestfires
homes andbuildings
agriculturalactivities
vehicleemissions
power plantsand factories
Fig. 28-14
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The more CO2 in the atmosphere, the warmer the Earth’s temp gets!
Fig. 28-15
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Result of Global Warming*
• Glaciers melting
• Level of oceans are rising
• Extreme weather patterns (warmer earth causes disruption in normal air and water currents, altering weather patterns)
• Many species, used to living in areas with certain temp ranges, are moving due to higher temps
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Fig. 28-17
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You tube: global warming
• Global Warming 101: Nat Geo
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The Earth’s climate*
• Weather: short term fluctuations in temp, humidity, cloud cover, wind and precipitation in a region over hours and days
• Climate: long term patterns of weather that prevail over years/centuries
• Each ecosystem has a different climate
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What determines the Earth’s climate?*
• Amount of sunlight
• Amount of water
• Temperature ranges
• Earth’s curvature and distance of a certain region from the sun (sunlight strikes the earth most directly at the equator. Areas further north/south get less sun.)
• Air currents
• Ocean currents
• Elevation (air is thinner and cooler at higher elevations)
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Climate (among other things) determine what kinds of organisms live in different ecosystems
• Appropriate temp is one condition of life (cannot be too hot/cold)
• Other conditions include availability of nutrients, water and energy
• Different types of organisms can exist within each ecosystem depending on the temperature of a specific ecosystem and the availability of nutrients, water and energy
– Ex: Desert communities are dominated by organisms that can adapt to extreme heat and lack of water
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Environmental Demands Mold Physical Characteristics
Fig. 29-6
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Rainfall and Temperature Influence the Distribution of Terrestrial Ecosystems
Fig. 29-7
high
low
precipitationlow
hot desert tropical deciduous forestsavanna and tropical scrub forest tropical rain forest
high
coniferous forest (taiga)
cool desert temperatedeciduous forest
temperaterain forest
grasslandchaparral
tundra
tem
pera
ture
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Ecosystems can be divided into Biomes
• Large land areas with similar environmental conditions and characteristic plant communities*
• Biomes are defined by their plant life (since plants cannot move, they are PRECISELY adapted to the climate of the region where they are)
• Biomes named after the dominant type of vegetation in the area
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Earth’s Biomes: See Handout
• Tropical Rain Forest
• Temperate Deciduous Forest
• Savanna
• Grassland/Prairie
• Chaparral
• Deserts
• Taiga
• Tundra
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Fig. 29-8
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Biomes/Biology/Ecology
• You Tube: great pacific media