Download - Lecture 01.pdf
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RENEWABLE ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES
Dr. Muzaffar Ali
Lecture # 1
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Personal Information
Dr. Muzaffar Ali
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Phone: 051-9047691
Fax: 051-9047690
Cell: 0300-5316356
Email: [email protected]
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Course Information
Contents Introduction of Renewable Energy
Solar Energy (Thermal & PV System)
Wind Energy
Geothermal
Biomass
Ocean Energy
Fuel Cell
Hydro Power
Potential of using renewable energy resources as supplement of conventional energy resources
Renewable and Non-renewable energies used as a hybrid energy system
Modern renewable plants
Book(s)
Renewable Energy, Power for Sustainable Future, Edited by Godfrey Boyle (Oxford University Press, 1996)
Renewable energy, Sustainable Energy Concepts for the future, Edited by R. Wengenmayr, T. Buheke (Wiely-VCH, 2008)
Renewable Energy Resources, 2nd Edition by J. Twidell, T. Weir (Taylor & Francis, 2006)
Materials
Various Articles from Internet etc.
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Course Information
Distribution of Marks
Mid Term -20%
Final Exam 40%
Sessional Marks - 40%
Assignments - 10 %
Quizzes - 10%
Semester Project 20 %
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Semester Project (Combination of Software
and Hardware (small units))
Project Areas:
Solar thermal
Solar PV
Wind Turbine (H & V)
Hydro Power
Fuel Cells
Bio Mass
Energy Storage
Others
Software: Solar
TRNSYS
http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/
Survey and Simulation Tools for PV, Solar Thermal, Heat Pumps & Chimneys
http://www.solardesign.co.uk/
Sam
https://sam.nrel.gov/
Polysun
http://www.polysunonline.com/PsoPublic/app/home/access
Bio Mass
EXEMPT Model
http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/review-and-assessment/tools/emissions.html#biomass
Fantallometrik
http://www.globallometree.org/software/
RETScreen
http://www.retscreen.net/ang/home.php
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Semester Project
Software: Wind
Bladed Wind Turbine Design Software
http://www.gl-
garradhassan.com/en/software/GHBladed
.php
WAsP
http://www.wasp.dk/
Fuel Cell
Fuel Cell Testing Software
http://www.scribner.com/software/fuel-
cell-testing-software
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Small Kits
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Small Kits
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Lets Talk about Energy
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Lets Talk about Energy
Establishment of sustainable energy future
Exhaustion of fossil fuel resources
Transition of energy economy from Chemical to Physical
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Lets Talk about Energy
World Energy
Situation
Oil supplies are
depleting
Energy consumption
is growing
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Lets Talk about Energy
Coal Supply &
Demand
Running out of Coal
Difficulties in mining
and subsequent
transportation to
power plants
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Lets Talk about Energy
Uranium Supply &
Demand
Running out of
Uranium
Uranium production is
far below than
todays demand
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Lets Talk about Energy
Fundamental Laws of Physics governing Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy can only be converted from one form into
another
Some energy is always lost when energy is
converted
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Lets Talk about Energy
Postulates need to be satisfied for sustainable
energy system
All energy must come from sustainably managed
renewable sources
Energy must be distributed and used with highest
efficiency
Essential Questions
Where does the energy come from?
In which form is the energy harvested?
How much and in which form energy is needed?
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Lets Talk about Energy
Where does the Energy come from?
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Lets Talk about Energy
Factors effecting transition to sustainability
Climatic Conditions
Topology
Availability of land and site
Establishment of high efficiency standards
Political leadership with understanding of
sustainability
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Lets Talk about Energy
Renewable Energy and Energy Demand
The energy demand of mankind can be satisfied
from renewable sources
There is no global distribution problem from
renewable energy sources
The future energy supply is much better matched to
the energy demands
The energy needs have to be reduced by
conservation and efficiency
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Lets Talk about Energy
Inversion of the Energy System
Due to obvious weak characteristics of chemical
energy, the entire energy supply chain will undergo
significant changes to become compatible with the
requirements of sustainability
Todays energy system is dominated by chemical
carriers (Fossil Fuel)
Future energy system will be dominated by physical
conversion (Renewable Sources)
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Lets Talk about Energy
Energy Return on Energy Investment
Energy debate is focused on monetary analyses
Established technologies are compared with unproven schemes
Energy recovery from current sources will become expensive
Cost will grow exponentially
Above ground sources are free gift of nature
Instead of Return on Investment (ROI) parameter, Energy Return on Energy Investment (EROEI) should be considered
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Lets Talk about Energy
From now to Sustainability
Energy sector will change rapidly
New trends are emerging and getting strength
In stationary sector, demands are declining
Improved thermal insulation
Efficient HVAC appliances
Use of wood etc.
Use of electricity for direct heating etc.
In mobile sector
Improved IC engines
Introduction of Hybrid vehicles
Use of CNG and Biofuels
Use of battery-electric cars and scooters
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Lets Talk about Energy
From now to Sustainability
The overall efficiency of energy system is
increasing by
Higher conversion efficiency of power plants and IC
engines
Higher efficiency of electrical distribution system
Rising energy awareness
Change in customer behavior
Growing supply of electricity from Renewable
sources
Energy conservation at all levels
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Lets Talk about Energy
Conclusions
Present energy system has to undergo significant
changes
Transition from Chemical energy base to
Physical energy is inevitable
Renewable Sources will play a vital role in this
change
This shift will be sustainable and offers many
economic benefits
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Statistical Review of World Energy
June 2014
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Oil
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline is more than 800 miles long and transports oil between Prudhoe Bay and Valdez in the US.
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Oil reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios Years
2013 by region History
Total world proved oil reserves reached 1687.9 billion barrels at the end of 2013, sufficient to meet 53.3 years of global production.
The largest additions to reserves came from Russia, adding 900 million barrels and Venezuela adding 800 million barrels. OPEC
members continue to hold the majority of reserves, accounting for 71.9% of the global total. South & Central America continues to hold
the highest R/P ratio. Over the past decade, global proved reserves have increased by 27%, or over 350 billion barrels.
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Distribution of proved oil reserves in 1993, 2003 and 2013 Percentage
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Oil production/consumption by region Million barrels daily
Production by region Consumption by region
World oil production increased by just 550,000 b/d in 2013, less than half the growth of global consumption. Global consumption grew
by an above-average 1.4 million b/d, with emerging economies accounting for all of the net increase. Even so, the US had the biggest
increase in the world for consumption, as well as production, which grew by 400,000 b/d and 1.1 million b/d respectively. OPEC output
fell by 600,000 b/d, driven by a decline of 520,000 b/d in Libya.
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Oil consumption per capita 2013 Tonnes
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Oil product consumption by region Million barrels daily
Light distillates Middle distillates
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Oil product consumption by region Million barrels daily
Fuel oil Others
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Source: Platts
Rotterdam & Gulf Coast oil product prices US dollars per barrel
Rotterdam product prices US Gulf Coast product prices
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Crude oil prices 1861-2013 US dollars per barrel, world events
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Oil refinery utilization Percentage
Global crude runs grew by 0.4 million b/d in 2013, with increases in China, India and the US more than offsetting declines in Europe
and Other Asia Pacific. Global refining capacity grew by 1.4 million b/d, led by additions in China and the Middle East. Global
average refinery utilization slipped to 80.4%, the lowest since 1987.
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Regional oil refining margins US dollars per barrel
Note: The refining margins presented are benchmark margins for three major global refining centres: US Gulf Coast (USGC), North
West Europe (NWE Rotterdam) and Singapore. In each case they are based on a single crude oil appropriate for that region and
have optimized product yields based on a generic refinery configuration (cracking, hydrocracking or coking), again appropriate for that
region. The margins are on a semi-variable basis, i.e. the margin after all variable costs and fixed energy costs.
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Major oil trade movements 2013 Trade flows worldwide (million tonnes)
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Natural gas
The Min Rong tanker berthed at Tangguh iquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Indonesia. Indonesia is the second largest natural gas producer in
Asia.
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Gas reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios Years
2013 by region History
World proved natural gas reserves at end-2013 stood at 185.7 trillion cubic metres (tcm), sufficient to meet 55.1 years of global
production. Proved reserves grew by 0.2% relative to end-2012 data. An increase in the US (+7.1%) accounted for all of the net
growth in global proved reserves in 2013. Iran (33.8 tcm) and Russia (31.3 tcm) hold the largest proved reserves.
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Distribution of proved gas reserves in 1993, 2003 and 2013 Percentage
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Gas production/consumption by region Billion cubic metres
Consumption by region Production by region
World natural gas production increased by 1.1% in 2013, slightly below the growth rate of global consumption (+1.4%). Production
growth was below average in all regions except Europe & Eurasia. Russia (+2.4%) and China (+9.5%) recorded the largest growth
increments. Consumption growth was below average in all regions except North America. China (+10.8%) and the US (+2.4%)
recorded the largest growth increments.
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Source: Includes data from Cedigaz.
Gas consumption per capita 2013 Tonnes oil equivalent
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Gas prices $/Mmbtu
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Source: Includes data from Cedigaz, CISStat, FGE MENAgas Service, IHS CERA, PIRA Energy Group.
Major gas trade movements 2013 Trade flows worldwide (billion cubic metres)
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Coal
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014 Coal ready for shipping. Coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel and its consumption grew
by 3% in 2013.
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Coal reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios Years
2013 by region History
World proved coal reserves in 2013 were sufficient to meet 113 years of global production, by far the largest R/P ratio for any fossil
fuel. The US, Russia and China hold the largest proved reserves. By region, Europe & Eurasia holds the largest proved reserves and has
the highest R/P ratio 254 years, compared with 250 for North America.
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Source: World Energy Resources 2013 Survey, World Energy Council.
Distribution of proved coal reserves in 1993, 2003 and 2013 Percentage
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Coal production/consumption by region Million tonnes oil equivalent
Production by region Consumption by region
World coal production increased by 0.8% in 2013, well below the 3% increase in global consumption. Indonesia (+9.4%) recorded the
largest production increment the first time since 1998 that China did not have the largest growth increment. Global consumption
growth was below average but was once again the fastest among fossil fuels. China and India accounted for 88% of global growth.
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Coal consumption per capita 2013 Tonnes oil equivalent
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Nuclear energy
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Nuclear energy consumption by region Million tonnes oil equivalent
World nuclear power generation increased by 0.9%, the first increase since 2010. Gains in the US, China, and Canada more than offset
declines in South Korea, Ukraine, Spain and Russia. Global hydroelectric output grew by a below-average 2.9%. Growth in China,
Russia, Spain and India was partly offset by large declines in Brazil and the Nordic countries
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Hydroelectricity
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Hydroelectricity consumption by region Million tonnes oil equivalent
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Renewable energy
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Renewable energy consumption/share of power by region
Other renewables consumption by region Million tonnes oil equivalent
Other renewables share of power generation by region Percentage
Renewable energy in power generation grew by an above-average 16.3% in 2013. Europe & Eurasia once again contributed the
largest growth increment, even though growth in Europes leading players Germany, Spain, and Italy was below average. China
contributed the largest national increment. Renewable energy accounted for more than 5% of global electricity production for the first
time, and 15% of EU power generation.
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Biofuels production by region Million tonnes oil equivalent
World biofuels production
World biofuels production increased by 6.1% in 2013. Increased biofuels output in North America, South and Central America and
Asia Pacific outweighed declines in Europe and Eurasia. Global ethanol production increased 6.1%, the first increase in two years.
Biodiesel production increased 6.2%, despite declines in South and Central America and Europe and Eurasia.
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Primary energy
The Octavio Frias de Oliveira Bridge in Brazil 24% of the worlds biofuels were produced in the country in 2013, making it the second
largest producer.
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Primary energy world consumption Million tonnes oil equivalent
World primary energy consumption grew by a below-average 2.3% in 2013, a third consecutive below-average increase. Growth was
below average in all regions except North America. All fuels except oil, nuclear and renewables grew at below-average rates. Oil
remains the worlds dominant fuel, but has lost market share for 14 years in a row. Hydroelectric and other renewables in power
generation both reached record shares of global primary energy consumption (6.7% and 2.2%, respectively).
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Primary energy regional consumption pattern 2013 Percentage
The Asia Pacific region once again accounted for the largest increment to global primary energy consumption and continues to account
for the largest share (40.5% of the global total). The region accounted for over 70% of global coal consumption for the first time in
2013, and coal remains the regions dominant fuel. Oil is the dominant fuel in all other regions except Europe & Eurasia and the Middle
East where gas is dominant. In the Middle East, gas surpassed oil as the dominant fuel in 2013.
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BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
BP 2014
Primary energy consumption per capita 2013 Tonnes oil equivalent
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Fossil fuel reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios at end 2013 Years
Coal remains by far the most abundant fossil fuel by R/P ratio. Non-OECD countries hold the majority of proved reserves for all
fossil fuels, and the highest R/P ratios for oil and natural gas. By region, the Middle East holds the largest reserves for oil and natural
gas, and the highest R/P ratio for natural gas; South and Central America hold the highest R/P ratio for oil. Europe & Eurasia holds the
largest coal reserves, and the highest R/P ratio.
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Assignment#01
Submit the same statistical report (Tabular & Graphical
form) of Pakistan, covering resources, production,
consumption etc. with complete references:
Oil
NG
Coal
Nuclear
Except Renewables
Energy and Power Units and their Conversion Factors
Deadline: 24-02-2015
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THANKS
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Energy Scales