Leadership
What is Leadership?
Leadership and Followership
Leadership – the process of guiding and directing the behavior of people in the work environment
Formal leadership – the officially sanctioned leadership based on the authority of a formal position
Informal leadership – the unofficial leadership accorded to a person by other members of the organization
Followership – the process of being guided and directed by a leader in the work environment
Leadership vs. ManagementLeaders and managers
– Have distinct personalities– Make different contributions
Both make valuable contributionsEach one’s contributions are different
Leaders agitate for change and new
approaches
Managers advocate for stability and
status quo
Leaders and ManagersPersonality Dimension
Manager Leader
Attitudes toward goals
Impersonal, passive, functional; goals arise out of necessity and reality
Personal, active; goals arise from desire and imagination
Conceptions of work
Combines people, ideas, things; seeks moderate risk, enables process
Looks for fresh approaches to old problems; seeks high-risk with high payoffs
Relationships with others
Prefers to work with others; avoids close and intense relationships, avoids conflicts
Comfortable in solitary work; encourages close, intense relationships; not averse to conflict
Sense of self Born once; accepts life as it is; unquestioning
Born twice; struggles for sense of order questions life
Early Trait Theories
• Distinguished leaders by – Physical attributes– Personality characteristics– Social skills and speech fluency– Intelligence and scholarship– Cooperativeness– Insight
• Early trait theory research resulted in controversial findings
Leadership Behavioral Theory: Lewin Studies
Democratic Style – the leader takes collaborative, reciprocal, interactive actions with followers; followers have high degree of discretionary influence
Laissez-Faire Style – the leader fails to accept the responsibilities of the position; creates chaos in the work environment
Autocratic Style – the leader uses strong, directive, controlling actions to enforce the rules, regulations, activities, and relationships; followers have little discretionary influence
Leadership Behavioral Theory: Ohio State Studies
Initiating Structure –Initiating Structure – leader behavior aimed at defining and organizing work relationships and roles; establishing clear patterns of organization, communication, and ways of getting things done
Consideration –Consideration – leader behavior aimed at nurturing friendly, warm working relationships, as well as encouraging mutual trust and interpersonal respect within the work unit
Leadership Behavioral Theory: Michigan StudiesProduction-Oriented LeaderProduction-Oriented Leader
• Constant leader influence• Direct or close supervision• Many written or unwritten rules and
regulations• Focus on getting work done
Employee-Oriented LeaderEmployee-Oriented Leader• Relationship-focused environment
• Less direct/close supervision• Fewer written or unwritten rules and
regulations• Focus on employee concern and needs
Concern for People
Concern for Production
High
HighLow
Low
Leadership Grid Definitions• Leadership Grid – an approach to
understanding a leader’s or manager’s concern for results (production) and concern for people
5,5
• Organization Man (5,5) – a middle-of-the-road leader
Concern for People
Concern for Production
High
HighLow
Low
Leadership Grid Definitions
• Country Club Manager (1,9) – a leader who creates a happy, comfortable work environment 1,9
9,1
• Authority Compliance Manager (9,1) – a leader who emphasizes efficient production
Concern for People
Concern for Production
High
HighLow
Low
Leadership Grid Definitions
• Impoverished Manager (1,1) – a leader who exerts just enough effort to get by
1,1
9,9
• Team Manager (9,9) – a leader who builds a highly productive team of committed people
Leadership Grid Definitions• Paternalistic “father knows best” Manager
(9+9) – a leader who promises reward and threatens punishment
Concern for People
Concern for Production
High
HighLow
Low
1,9
9,1
9+9
Leadership Grid Definitions
Opportunistic “what’s in it for me” Manager (Opp) – a leader whose style aims to maximize self-benefit
Opportunistic Management
Concern for People
Concern for Production
High
HighLow
Low
1,9
9,1
9,9
1,1
5.5
1,9
9,1
9+9
Path–Goal Theory of Leadership
Leader behavior styles• Directive• Supportive• Participative• Achievement oriented
Follower pathperceptionsEffort–Performance–Reward linkages
Follower goals• Satisfaction• Rewards• Benefits
Workplacecharacteristics• Task structure• Work group• Authority system
FollowerCharacteristics• Ability level• Authoritarianism• Locus of control