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LB145Sec 001-004
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Today’s Outline
- Announcements:StudyNotes5 AND Homework4 are due on Tuesday Feb 19th. Honors – come see me if you missed the meeting.Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle.
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Light
Campbell 8e, Fig. 10.5
H2O
Chloroplast
LightReactions
NADP+
PADP
i+
ATP
NADPH
O2
CalvinCycle
CO2
[CH2O](sugar)
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Methods of Producing ATP
GLYCOLYSIS & CITRIC ACID CYCLE• Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when ATP is
produced by the enzyme-catalyzed transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate substrate to ADP.
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Typically, a cell will not convert 100% of its glucose stores for ATP production.
When the cell has enough ATP, glycolysis stops – how does this occur?
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Typically, a cell will not convert 100% of its glucose stores for ATP production.
When the cell has enough ATP, glycolysis stops – how does this occur?
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Product Feedback Inhibition
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Feedback Inhibition Regulates Glycolysis
• During glycolysis, high levels of ATP inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which catalyzes one of the early reactions.
• This is called allosteric inhibition.
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(a) Normal binding (c) Allosteric inhibition
(b) Competitive inhibition
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Competitive inhibitor
Substrate
Enzyme
Enzyme Inhibition
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Hexokinase
• First step• Requires ATP• Allosteric inhibition by high concentrations of glucose-6-
phosphate
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Pyruvate kinase
• Last step (produces ATP)• Inhibited by high concentrations of ATP or acetyl
coenzyme A
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Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP used
formed4 ATP
Energy payoff phase
4 ADP + 4 P
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2OGlucoseNet
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+
Gly
coly
sis:
Wha
t do
you
need
to k
now
?
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Gly
coly
sis:
Wha
t do
you
need
to k
now
? Track the Carbons and Phosphates:
Glucose + ATP Fructose-P + ADP
Fructose-P + ATP P-Fructose-P
P-Fructose-P P-CCC + P-CCC
P-CCC + P-CCC + 2NAD+ + 2Pi P-CCC-P + P-CCC-P + 2NADH
P-CCC-P + P-CCC-P + 2ADP P-CCC + P-CCC + 2ATP
P-CCC + P-CCC + 2ADP Pyruvate + Pyruvate + 2ATP
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NADPH
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2ATP 2ATP 25 ATP
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Campbell: Fig. 9-6-3
Mitochondrion
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
ATP
Cytosol
Glucose Pyruvate
Glycolysis
Electronscarried
via NADH
Substrate-levelphosphorylation
ATP
Electrons carriedvia NADH and
FADH2
Oxidativephosphorylation
ATP
Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport
andchemiosmosis
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Pyruvate Processing
• Pyruvate processing is the second step in glucose oxidation. It is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase in the mitochondrial matrix.
• In the presence of O2, pyruvate undergoes a series of reactions that results in the product molecule acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA).
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Fig. 9-10
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
NAD+ NADH + H+
2
1 3
Pyruvate
Transport protein
CO2Coenzyme A
Acetyl CoA
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Pyruvate Quiz3. In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound
pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2, 2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and 3) is bonded to coenzyme A.
These three steps result in the formation of:a) acetyl CoA, NAD+, ATP, and CO2.
b) acetyl CoA, O2, and ATP.
c) acetyl CoA and NADH.d) acetyl CoA, NADH and CO2.
e) acetyl CoA, NADH, ATP and CO2.
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Pyruvate Quiz4. How many carbon atoms are fed into
the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?a) 3b) 5c) 2d) 6e) 4
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Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle
The Citric Acid Cycle and the Krebs Cycle are the SAME THING.
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Fig. 9-11
Pyruvate
NAD+
NADH
+ H+Acetyl CoA
CO2
CoA
CoA
CoA
Citricacidcycle
FADH2
FAD
CO22
3
3 NAD+
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i
ATP
NADH
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More accurately…
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
22
2
2
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Krebs Cycle Quiz
5. How does the Krebs Cycle export energy?a) Mostly as CO2
b) Mostly as ATPc) Mostly as FADH2
d) Mostly as NADHe) Mostly as H2O
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Krebs Cycle Quiz6. Which statement about the citric acid cycle
is correct? a) The citric acid cycle produces most of the ATP that is
subsequently used by the electron transport chain.b) The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a
product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle.
c) The citric acid cycle oxidizes glucose to carbon dioxide.d) The citric acid cycle depends on the availability of NAD+,
which is a product of glycolysis.e) The oxidation of compounds by the citric acid
cycle requires molecular oxygen.
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The Citric Acid Cycle
What do you need to know:• Be familiar with the intermediates (Carbons/Oxygens).
• What molecules are produced?• How many of each molecule is produced per
cycle?• How many of each molecule is produced per
glucose?• What gets recycled?
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For THURSDAY:1. For TUESDAY – SN5 and HW4