Plume has been characterizedPerchlorate concentration is projected to be >100 ppbOther water characteristics Bicarbonate: 180 ppm Nitrate: 27 ppm Sulfate: 15 ppm Chloride: 15 ppm TCE: 30 ppb

Extraction well RS498 Perchlorate: 1500 to 2000 ppb Bicarbonate: 150 ppm Nitrate: 4 ppm Sulfate: 3 ppm Chloride: 4 ppm TCE: 3100 ppb

15 week demonstration5 test periods

Coordinate with CDPH Sampling and analysis plan Policy Memo 97-005 requirements Coordinate with site Permits / ConstructionIntegrate with existing treatment system Enables water produced during demo to be treated and distributed3 - 5 month demonstration period

Large-Scale Demonstration of Perchlorate RemovalUsing Weak Base Anion Resin®®

Demonstrate a large-scale drinking water treatment system for perchlorate removal using the weak base anion resin ion exchange process.

Wellhead treatment in Rialto-Colton, CA Wellsite with high perchlorate concentration (>50 ppb) 1,000 gpm treatment capacity Meet Policy Memo 97-005 guidance for “Extremely Impaired” source water

Teaming Partner: Carollo Engineers Pilot System Demonstrations Large-Scale Demonstration

Zero-Discharge Regeneration Process Site: Fontana, CA (May - Sep 2006)

Low-Level Perchlorate Analysis

Results

Results

Breakthrough Curves

WBA Resin Ion Exchange

WBA Resin Ion Exchange Process (Patent Pending)

Integrated pre- and post-treatmentConventional lead-lag configuration 2-inch diameter ion exchange columns

Macroporous polystyrene divinylbenzene WBA resin (Purolite D4170) 36-inch bed depth

12 to 32 BV/hr treatment rate 1.5 - 4 gpm/ft3

24 hr/day – 7 day/week operationRegeneration and residuals treatment

Batch regeneration approach Minimize spent regenerant volume

Maximize perchlorate concentration

Scavenge perchlorate from spent regenerating solution Strong base anion (SBA) resin Very high loading possible > 20 to 80% of ion exchange sitesGreatly reduces resin replacement / disposal requirement Low O&M cost for drinking water applications

Production well F17 Perchlorate: 5-8 ppb Biocarbonate: 184 ppm Nitrate: 33 ppm Sulfate: 15 ppm Chloride: 12 ppm

16 week demonstration6 test periods

Perchlorate reduced to < 0.5 ppb> 9000 bed volume treatment capacityMet drinking water quality requirements< 0.03% perchlorate-free spent regenerating solution

Ion exchange and regeneration processes are pH dependent

WBA resin in free-base form (R-NH2) is ionized (R-NH3+) by protonating with acid (H+):

R-NH2 + H+ R-NH3+

Protonated resin removes anions (A-) from aqueous streams:

R-NH3+ + A- R-NH3-A

Spent resin (R-NH3-A) is regenerated by neutralizing with caustic (NaOH), which liberates anions and returns resin to the free-base form:

R-NH3-A + Na+OH- R-NH2 + HOH + Na+A-

Well F17

IonExchange

Vessel

CleanWater

Caustic

FeedPump

ScavengerResin

Vessels

RegenTank

IonExchange

VesselRegenTank

Regeneration Process

IonExchange

Vessel

CleanRegenWater

FeedPump

ScavengerResin

Vessels

RegenTank

IonExchange

VesselRegenTank

Scavenger Process

ER-0312

11,700 4.1 <0.10 Lead breakthrough14,800 6.5 0.19 Lead breakthrough1,200 <1.0 <1.0 50 hr after startup7,800 4.5 <1.0 Lead breakthrough

24 300 0.46 3 gpm/ft3 - 16 hr1,100 0.33 4 gpm/ft3 - 40 hr3,700 0.26 4 gpm/ft3 - 5 day4,900 0.11 3 gpm/ft3 - post regen

24 0.49 0.29 1 hr after startup9,200 0.53 Offline End of test period 6

* Perchlorate analyses using IC/MS/MS provided by Babcock Laboratories. MRL varied due to matrix effects.

24

24

24

3

1

Test Pd

6

2

CommentsFlow Rate (BV/hr)

Bed Volumes (BV)

Offline

Lead Column

(ppb)

Lag Column

(ppb)

32

Site: Redstone Arsenal, AL (Jun - Sep 2005)

Demonstration System Design

Demonstration Execution

Candidate Wellsite — Rialto #3 (Airport)

Objective

Perchlorate reduced to < 4 ppbEffective at commercial treatment ratesEfficient regeneration < 0.05% spent regenerating solutionScavenging and biodegradation of spent regenerating solution demonstrated

Test Period 5 - 24 BV/HourTest Period 4 - 18 BV/HourTest Period 3 - 12 BV/HourLag Columns

Bed Volumes

Perc

hlor

ate

(ug/

L)

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Rialto #3

Pretreatment Post TreatmentIon Exchange

TreatedWater

CO2

IXLead

IXLag

UntreatedGroundwater

Acid

In-lineMixer

In-lineMixer

Degasifier

Base

Pretreatment Ion Exchange Post-Treatment

Reduce pHLead-lag configuration (multi-barrier)

Restore and control treated water alkalinity and pH

WASTEHOLDING

TANK

WASTEHOLDING

TANK

CAUSTICSTORAGE

TANK

ELEVATION VIEW

PLAN VIEW

SODA ASHFEED SYSTEM

ELECTRICALCONTROL ROOM

ACIDSTORAGE

TANK

IONEXCHANGE

VESSELS

FEED PUMPSDEGASIFIER

MEMBRANES

N

WaterReservoir

IXLead

IXLag

Na2CO3Solution

Well Water- 2000 gpm

H2SO4

To ExistingIX System2000 gpm

MembraneDegasifier

Bypass1000 gpm

Feed pump1000 gpm

WBA ResinTreatedWater

1000 gpm

Packed-BedIon Exchange

CO2

Parameter Design BasisTreatment Rate 3 gpm/ftff 3 (24 BV/hr)Operational Requirement 24 hours/day, 7 days/weekIon Exchange Configuration Lead, lag; packed bed vesselsIon Exchange Resins Weak base resin – Purolite D-4170

Strong base resin – Purolite A-530ETreatment Capacity 10,000 bed volumes before

regenerationTreated Water Quality < 1 ppb perchlorate

> 30 ppm alkalinity (LSI = ~0)Spent Regenerating Solution < MDL perchlorate

< 0.05% of treated water volume