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Landslide Risk Management
Dr.G.P.Ganapathy, Ph.D, FICDMAssociate Professor
Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management
VIT University , Vellore 632014
Tamil Nadu, India
E-mail: [email protected]
Dr.G.P.Ganapathy, Ph.D, FICDMAssociate Professor
Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management
VIT University , Vellore 632014
Tamil Nadu, India
E-mail: [email protected]
id3465109 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com
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Landslide Hazard
in India
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Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ)
simply means the division and
preferably subdivision of a land
surface into various zones
according to the degrees of
actual/ potential hazard caused by
landslides and related phenomena
Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ)
simply means the division and
preferably subdivision of a land
surface into various zones
according to the degrees of
actual/ potential hazard caused by
landslides and related phenomena
LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION
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The earliest
landslide studies in
the country were
carried out by the
GSI.
This includes the
study of the Nainital
landslide by Sir R.D.
Oldham in 1880 and
C.S. Middlemiss in
1890.
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SPECIFIC AREAS
CONSIDERED
FOR LANDSLIDE ANALYSIS
SPECIFIC AREAS
CONSIDERED
FOR LANDSLIDE ANALYSIS
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METHODOLOGY
USED TO PRODUCE
LANDSLIDE HAZARD
ZONATION MAP OF INDIA
METHODOLOGY
USED TO PRODUCE
LANDSLIDE HAZARD
ZONATION MAP OF INDIA
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WEIGHT AND RANKWEIGHT AND RANK
Weight decides the preference or priority of the one
theme over another in a grid based analysis. For
example slope is assigned 10 and the less contributing
themes are assigned lesser weights within ten-point
scale.
Rank decides the contribution of one unit over another
within a theme. For example, high slope angle
contributes more towards landslide susceptibility than
low angle slopes.
A suitability scale ranging, in values from 1 to 5, was
devised. The value of �1� was assigned to the lowest
contributing unit in a particular theme and the highest
contributing unit was assigned a value of �5�.
Weight decides the preference or priority of the one
theme over another in a grid based analysis. For
example slope is assigned 10 and the less contributing
themes are assigned lesser weights within ten-point
scale.
Rank decides the contribution of one unit over another
within a theme. For example, high slope angle
contributes more towards landslide susceptibility than
low angle slopes.
A suitability scale ranging, in values from 1 to 5, was
devised. The value of �1� was assigned to the lowest
contributing unit in a particular theme and the highest
contributing unit was assigned a value of �5�.
GIS ANALYSISGIS ANALYSIS
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WEIGHT AND RANKWEIGHT AND RANK
The weight values in a ten point scale and rank
values from 1 to 5 help bring out the
differences in contributions between the
themes and between units within a theme
during GIS analysis.
The rank and weightage values were also
modified from region to region to achieve the
best match between the reported landslide
inventory of the region and the corresponding
inferred landslide hazard zonation map.
The weight values in a ten point scale and rank
values from 1 to 5 help bring out the
differences in contributions between the
themes and between units within a theme
during GIS analysis.
The rank and weightage values were also
modified from region to region to achieve the
best match between the reported landslide
inventory of the region and the corresponding
inferred landslide hazard zonation map.
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GEOLOGICAL MAP OF INDIA(WEIGHTED)
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF INDIA(WEIGHTED)
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RAINFALL MAP OF INDIA
(WEIGHTED)
RAINFALL MAP OF INDIA
(WEIGHTED)
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Landslide Hazard Zonation Map of IndiaLandslide Hazard Zonation Map of India
3%
7%
30%
60%
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Landslide hazard zonal significanceLandslide hazard zonal significance
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�Geological Survey of India (GSI)
�Central Road Research Institute (CRRI)
�Central Building Research Institute (CBRI)
�Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (IIT-R)
�Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG)
�Department of Space (DoS)
�National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)
�Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL)
�Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
�some academic institutions, and individual experts.
Agencies involved
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Components of Landslide Disaster Management Process
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�You pay and talk for the
mund�
Ootacamund
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Landslide Occurrences Since 1865 in Nilgiris
300 LS
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Landslide Occurrences Since 1865 in Nilgiris
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20011901
Population growth in Nilgiri District
Area : 2500Sq.km
0.37 Lakhs 7.62 Lakhs
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Geological Map
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Geomorphological Map
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Topography - Coonoor to Ooty
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Aerial view of Coonoor to Ooty
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Monthly Normal Rainfall in Nilgiri District
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� Heavy rains triggered a series of
landslides in Ooty, Coonoor and
Kotagiri regions of the Nilgiris
� Killed 42 people within 48 hours. Total
Deaths 80.
� Estimated loss about 300 Crores
November 2009 Landslides
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Spatial Distribution - November 2009 Landslides
RF: 19cm
RF: 82cm RF: 31cm
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Daily Rainfall from 01 � 15 November 2009
A valanchiB urliyar
C o o no o rD evala
Em eraldG .B azaar
G edda i damGlenmo rgan P o int
Kundha damKalhatty
KethiKinnakko ra i
Ko danadKo tagiri
N aduvattamUpper B havani
Uthagam andalam
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Total Rainfal in mm
Dat
e
Avalanchi
Burliyar
Coonoor
Devala
Emerald
G.Bazaar
Geddai dam
Glenmorgan Point
Kundha dam
Kalhatty
Kethi
Kinnakkorai
Kodanad
Kotagiri
Naduvattam
Upper Bhavani
Uthagamandalam
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� Many slides have taken place in
areas of intense cultural activity.
� agricultural operations,
� construction of buildings and roads
� removal of earth and rock
� levelling of slopes
� deforestation and
� blocking of natural drainage.
November 2009 Landslides Lessons Learned
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Considering all these evidences the following factors
appear to have been involved, singly or in
combination, in inducing the landslides.
� Water (Heavy rainfall)
� Toe Removal
� Increase of Head Load
November 2009 Landslides Lessons Learned
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Lovedale Road view from Coonoor Road 10.11.2009
Toe Removal
Increase of Head
Load
Water
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Closer View
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Closer View
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Closer View
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Lovedale Road View from Coonoor Road Landslide Scenario
28.11.200910.11.2009
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Lovedale Road at Thalayattu
Mandu on 10.11.09 top and
bottom side showing the Zone
of Crack and Zone of Failure
Zone of Crack
Zone of Failure
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Houses built in the Stream Channel �
Severe Damage at Naduhatti
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Debris covered at Naduhatti
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Severely Damaged Road - Ooty Coonoor Road near
Thalayattu Mund Junction.
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Ooty Coonoor NH. 2 kms from Valley View point.
No way beyond this point.
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Near Sagar Holiday Resorts, Valley View.
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Unplanned colonization
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Lessons for the Planners and public
2009
landslides
Severe to High
Landslide Areas
identified by GSI
in 1982
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Landslide hazard zonal significance(BMTPC, Landslide Hazard Zonation Atlas of India 2003)
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Vulnerability
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Critical Facilities
1.Essential facilities
hospitals, medical clinics,
schools/educational institutions, fire
stations, police stations and emergency
operations facilities
2.High potential loss facilities
dams, levees, military installations,
nuclear power plants and hazardous
material sites
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Lifeline Inventory
1. Transportation
highways, railways, bus, ports, ferry and airports
2. Lifeline Utility
potable water, wastewater, natural gas, crude &
refined oil, electric power and communications.
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Sl.No Facilities Total Falls Under High to
Moderate Hazard Areas
Percentage
1 Essential 114 24 21%
2 Lifeline 96 7 7.3%
3 Transportation 20 6 30%
4 Village/Towns 42 7 16.7%
Vulnerability
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Dangerous Slopes
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Blocking the Natural Draines
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We Don�t Bother
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Understanding the Past and Present
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Additional rain gauge stations may be installed in close interval and
monitor the intense rainfall as well as the existing unstable slopes.
Monitoring
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One of the most difficult problems concerning landslide hazards
in place like Nilgiris is dealing with existing urban areas where
buildings are constructed on or close to a landslide.
- avoid further development in high-risk
landslide prone areas, limit existing-use
rights to rebuild, and limit the use of
buildings.
- avoid further development and use of
buildings (building type) is consistent with
the level of risk posed and the district plan
maps clearly show landslide hazard zones.
Recommendations
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- A detailed large scale risk
map is required for further
planning.
- Town planning bye-laws needs to
be developed, which will
translate and codify landslide
concerns into village
development.
- Appropriate legislation may
be considered for the
enactment for future safe
and planned development
in towns and villages affected
by landslide hazard
Recommendations
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Destination- Disaster Free India